Research
Whey Protein
204 peer-reviewed studies curated from PubMed and Semantic Scholar.
Studies
Sorted by quality and recency
Comparing the Effects of Dairy and Soybean on Bone Health in Women: A Food- and Component-Level Network Meta-Analysis.
Network meta-analysis comparing the effects of dairy and soy products and their bioactive components on bone health in women. Whey protein and the combination of casein + whey protein significantly increased total body bone mineral density, with whey protein being a key beneficial component for women's bone health.
Impact of whey protein on lipid profiles: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of whey protein supplementation on lipid profiles in adults. It included 20 randomized clinical trials with 1638 participants. The analysis found a significant reduction in triglycerides and an increase in HDL-c, with no significant effects on total cholesterol and LDL-c levels.
Whey Protein as an Adjuvant Therapy for Wound Healing and Infection Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Preclinical Evidence
Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical RCTs and preclinical studies evaluating whey protein supplementation on wound healing and infection. Whey protein significantly accelerated wound healing and reduced the odds of wound infection, with additional preclinical evidence showing reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines at the wound site.
Impacts of supplementation with milk proteins on inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 53 RCTs evaluating the effects of milk protein supplementation on inflammation markers. Found no substantial effects on CRP, TNF-alpha, adiponectin, and leptin, but a significant decrease in IL-6 levels.
Whey Protein Intervention and Inflammatory Factors and Oxidative Stress: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs investigating the effects of whey protein supplementation on inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in adults. The study found that whey protein supplementation had no significant effect on the modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress compared with the control.
Whey Protein Supplementation Combined with Exercise on Muscle Protein Synthesis and the AKT/mTOR Pathway in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 RCTs evaluating whey protein supplementation combined with exercise on muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and the AKT/mTOR pathway in healthy adults. Whey protein significantly enhances MPS in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with optimal effects observed when consumed before or immediately after exercise.
Comparative Efficacy of Different Protein Supplements on Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Indices of Sarcopenia among Community-Dwelling, Hospitalized or Institutionalized Older Adults Undergoing Resistance Training: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Network meta-analysis of 78 RCTs with 5272 participants comparing different protein supplements on muscle mass, strength, and mobility in older adults undergoing resistance training. Whey protein was found to be the most effective in augmenting muscle mass, handgrip strength, and walking speed.
Effectiveness of whey protein supplementation on muscle strength and physical performance of older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 30 studies involving 2105 older adults assessing the impact of whey protein supplementation on muscle strength and physical performance. The analysis found that whey protein, when combined with resistance training, enhances lower body strength but does not significantly affect handgrip strength, physical performance, or body composition.
Improving sarcopenia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of whey protein supplementation with or without resistance training.
This systematic review and meta-analysis analyzed the effects of whey protein supplementation, with or without resistance training, on older adults with sarcopenia. Whey protein significantly increased muscle mass, strength, and physical performance, and reduced interleukin-6 levels, enhancing overall physical condition in older adults with sarcopenia.
Effect of the WHEY protein on pregnancyneonatal outcomes and prophylactic effect on fetal growth restriction cases: A randomized clinical trial
RCT of 300 pregnant females evaluating the impact of WHEY protein on pregnancy-neonatal outcomes and fetal growth restriction. WHEY protein supplementation did not affect fetal growth but improved some maternal parameters, such as total protein and PT.
The effects of whey protein supplementation on indices of cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effect of whey protein supplementation on cardiometabolic health markers in adults. The analysis included 21 RCTs and found that whey protein supplementation reduced LDL and total cholesterol levels, particularly in healthy, overweight/obese adults under 50 years, with the greatest benefits observed when combined with exercise. Triglyceride levels were also reduced with supplementation of 12 weeks or more.
Impact of whey protein supplementation as adjuvant therapy on malnourished cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis
Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs assessing whey protein supplementation in malnourished cancer patients. Whey protein improved body weight, handgrip strength, and reduced hematological toxicity of chemotherapy, though it did not significantly affect BMI or gastrointestinal toxicity.
The effects of whey protein on blood pressure: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis summarized data from 18 clinical trials on the effects of whey protein supplementation on blood pressure in adults. Whey protein significantly reduced systolic blood pressure, but not diastolic blood pressure, except at specific doses and conditions.
Effectiveness of Whey Protein Supplementation during Resistance Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength in Older People with Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of seven RCTs with 591 participants assessing whey protein supplementation during resistance exercise training in older adults with sarcopenia. Whey protein supplementation showed a small positive effect on skeletal muscle mass and handgrip strength compared to resistance exercise with or without placebo.
Whey Protein Premeal Lowers Postprandial Glucose Concentrations in Adults Compared with Water-The Effect of Timing, Dose, and Metabolic Status: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated 16 randomized crossover trials with 244 individuals, investigating the effects of whey protein premeals on postprandial glucose levels. Whey protein premeals significantly lowered peak glucose concentration and the area under the curve for glucose, elevated GLP-1 and peak insulin concentrations, and slowed gastric emptying rate compared to controls. The glucose-lowering effect was more pronounced in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The Impact of Whey Protein Supplementation on Sarcopenia Progression among the Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis investigating whey protein supplementation in elderly with sarcopenia. Some evidence suggests whey protein combined with exercise might improve muscle mass and lower limb function, but overall, whey supplementation did not improve sarcopenia-linked parameters. Study duration and age affected handgrip strength and chair stand test rates.
Whey protein supplementation improves postprandial glycemia in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs assessing whey protein supplementation on postprandial glycemia in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Whey protein significantly lowered postprandial glycemia at 60 and 120 minutes compared to placebo, with a higher iAUC of insulin in the whey protein group.
Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of whey protein supplementation in postmenopausal women, evaluating its effects with and without resistance training. Whey protein combined with resistance training significantly improved biceps curl strength and lower limb lean mass, while without resistance training, it had no significant effect on muscle strength or lean mass.
A systematic review of whey protein supplementation effects on human glycemic control: A mechanistic insight.
Systematic review of 58 studies on whey protein supplementation and glycemic control. Evidence suggests whey protein decreases postprandial glucose iAUC and increases insulin and incretin hormones iAUCs, affecting glycemic control through insulin and incretin secretion, slowing gastric emptying, and appetite suppression.
Comparison of the effect of soya protein and whey protein on body composition: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials.
Meta-analysis of 10 RCTs with 596 participants comparing the effects of whey protein and soya protein supplementation on body composition. Whey protein supplementation significantly increased lean body mass, while soya protein showed no significant changes in body composition parameters.
The effect of daily protein supplementation, with or without resistance training for 1 year, on muscle size, strength, and function in healthy older adults: A randomized controlled trial.
RCT of 208 healthy older adults comparing carbohydrate, collagen protein, and whey protein supplementation, with or without resistance training, over 1 year. Whey protein with heavy resistance training improved muscle size and strength, while protein supplementation alone was ineffective.
Role of whey protein in vascular function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human intervention studies.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of human intervention studies on whey protein's effects on vascular function. The analysis showed a significant increase in flow-mediated dilation (FMD) after whey protein consumption, indicating a protective effect on endothelial function, but no significant effects on arterial stiffness or plasma nitric oxide levels.
Effect of whey protein consumption on IL-6 and TNF-α: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 RCTs assessing the effect of whey protein supplementation on inflammatory markers TNF-α and IL-6. The analysis found no significant effect of whey protein on these inflammatory biomarkers compared to placebo.
Whey protein ingestion in elderly diet and the association with physical, performance and clinical outcomes.
Systematic review evaluating the ingestion of whey protein in the elderly and its association with physical performance and clinical outcomes. Whey protein supplements promote protein synthesis, improve muscle performance and aerobic capacity, protect against sarcopenia, and reduce the risk for falls. They also contribute to improved health, recovery from disease, and prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic risks.
Whey protein supplementation and its potentially adverse effects on health: a systematic review.
Systematic review of 11 studies on the potentially adverse effects of whey protein supplementation. Chronic and abusive use of whey protein was associated with negative effects on kidney and liver function, as well as aggression, acne, and microbiota changes. The review highlights the need for further studies on whey protein use with and without exercise.
Effects of whey protein on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins in patients with metabolic syndrome and related conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.
This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of whey protein on serum lipoproteins and glycemic status in patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders. Whey protein consumption significantly reduced HbA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol levels, and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, indicating beneficial effects on glycemic control and lipid parameters.
The effect of whey protein on the components of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese individuals; a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 37 RCTs involving 2344 individuals to evaluate the effect of whey protein on metabolic syndrome components in overweight and obese patients. Whey supplementation significantly reduced SBP, DBP, HDL, waist circumference, TG, and FBS compared to control groups.
Effect of whey protein supplementation during resistance training sessions on body mass and muscular strength: a meta-analysis.
Meta-analysis of 21 RCTs with 837 participants evaluating whey protein supplementation during resistance training. Whey protein improved lean mass, fat mass, and muscular strength in healthy and younger individuals compared to placebo.
Efficacy and Safety of Whey Protein Supplements on Vital Sign and Physical Performance Among Athletes: A Network Meta-Analysis.
This network meta-analysis reviewed 20 RCTs with 351 participants to assess the efficacy and safety of whey protein supplements (WPS) on vital signs and physical performance among athletes. The findings support WPS as an ergogenic aid for sports performance and recovery, with significant improvements in average power and body mass.
Comparative Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Concentrated, Hydrolyzed, and Isolated Whey Protein Supplementation on Body Composition of Physical Activity Practitioners.
Meta-analysis of eight RCTs examining the effects of concentrated, hydrolyzed, and isolated whey protein supplementation on body composition in 246 healthy athletes. Whey protein significantly reduced fat mass but had no significant effect on fat-free mass.
Effects of whey protein supplement in the elderly submitted to resistance training: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of whey protein supplementation in the elderly undergoing resistance training. Whey protein was associated with higher total protein intake, increased plasma leucine concentration, and enhanced mixed muscle protein synthesis compared to control.
Independent effects of whey protein and alkali supplementation on muscle health in healthy older adults: factorial randomized controlled trial.
This factorial RCT studied the effects of whey protein and potassium bicarbonate supplementation on muscle performance and mass in healthy older adults over 24 weeks. Neither supplement improved muscle power, physical performance, or muscle mass, although both increased IGF-1 levels.
IBC Oxford Oral Abstract 34 - Impact of whey protein supplementation on body composition and nutritional outcomes following one-anastomosis gastric bypass: a randomized controlled trial
This double-blind, randomized controlled trial assessed the effects of daily whey protein supplementation on body composition and nutritional outcomes in 78 patients undergoing one-anastomosis gastric bypass. The whey protein group showed better preservation of fat-free mass, total body water, and muscle mass compared to the placebo group, although no significant differences were observed in total weight loss or serum nutritional markers.
Whey Protein Supplementation Positively Modulates Lung Function and Pulmonary and Systemic Immune Response in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
RCT of 65 older adults comparing whey protein supplementation to control over 3 months. Whey protein improved lung function, pulmonary and systemic immune response, and functional capacity, showing anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects.
Protein Supplementation, Plasma Branched-Chain Amino Acids, and Insulin Resistance in Postmenopausal Women: An Ancillary Study from the Supplemental Protein to Outsmart Osteoporosis Now (SPOON) Trial.
This study examined the effects of long-term protein and carbohydrate supplementation on plasma BCAA levels and their relationship with insulin resistance in 84 postmenopausal women. Subjects were randomized to receive whey protein or maltodextrin supplements for 18 months. No significant changes in plasma BCAA or insulin resistance were observed by study arm, but a significant positive association between plasma BCAA and insulin resistance was found in both groups at 18 months.
Once-daily supplementation with pre-meal whey protein lowers breakfast postprandial glucose levels in women with GDM throughout the third trimester: a randomised, controlled, clinical trial
This RCT investigated the effects of pre-meal whey protein supplementation on glycaemic outcomes in 62 women with gestational diabetes mellitus throughout the third trimester. The study found that whey protein supplementation significantly lowered postprandial glucose levels and glycaemic variability compared to placebo under both controlled and free-living conditions.
Effects of Protein Supplementation During Early Rehabilitation on Muscle Volume and Function After Acute Muscle Strain Injuries: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
RCT of 50 recreational athletes comparing twice-daily whey protein supplementation to isocaloric placebo during early rehabilitation after acute hamstring or calf strain injuries. No effects of protein supplementation were observed on muscle volume, muscle strength, or time to return to sport. Muscle strain injuries caused persistent atrophy and enlargement of the muscle aponeurosis, unaffected by protein supplementation.
Postprandial plasma amino acid and appetite responses to a low protein breakfast supplemented with whey or pea protein in middle-to-older aged adults.
This single-blind randomized study investigated postprandial plasma aminoacidemia and appetite regulatory responses to a low protein breakfast supplemented with whey protein concentrate or pea protein isolate in middle-to-older aged adults. Whey protein led to greater plasma leucinemia compared to pea protein, with no differential impact on appetite regulation.
Feasibility of whey protein powder supplementation in patients who are neurocritically ill: A post hoc analysis of a pilot randomized controlled trial
Post hoc analysis of a pilot RCT investigating whey protein powder supplementation in neurocritically ill patients. The study compared anti-inflammatory whey protein formulations to traditional protein formulations, focusing on serum albumin levels, patient outcomes, and inflammatory markers.
Effect of a 12-mo intervention with whey protein powder on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial.
A 12-month randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of whey protein powder on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. The intervention group showed significant improvements in global cognitive function and several cognitive subdomains compared to the control group.
The effect of Sarcomeal® oral supplementation plus vitamin D3 on muscle parameters and metabolic factors in diabetic sarcopenia patients: study protocol of a randomized controlled clinical trial
This study protocol outlines a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of Sarcomeal® supplement plus vitamin D3 in diabetic sarcopenia patients. The trial will assess muscle parameters and metabolic factors over 12 weeks, hypothesizing benefits in reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and improving glucose metabolism.
Effect of mixed protein supplementation on golf performance and muscle function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
RCT of 60 casual golfers comparing mixed protein supplementation to placebo over 8 weeks. The mixed protein group showed significant improvements in driver distance, driver ball speed, hand grip strength, push-ups, and balance, but no significant changes in body composition.
Effect of 1-year daily protein supplementation and physical exercise on muscle protein synthesis rate and muscle metabolome in healthy older Danes: a randomized controlled trial.
RCT investigating the impact of 1-year daily protein supplementation with or without physical exercise on muscle protein synthesis rate and muscle metabolome in healthy older Danes. The study found that protein or carbohydrate supplementation did not alter the basal and protein-stimulated postprandial muscle protein synthesis rate or the muscle metabolome.
Whey Protein Supplementation with or without Vitamin D on Sarcopenia-Related Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the effects of whey protein supplementation alone or with vitamin D on sarcopenia-related outcomes in older adults. Whey protein alone improved lean mass and function in sarcopenic/frail older adults but not in healthy older persons. Co-supplementation with vitamin D significantly enhanced lean mass, muscle strength, and physical function, particularly in healthy older adults.
Efficacy and safety of pre-gastroscopy commercial carbohydrate-rich whey protein beverage vs. plain water: a randomised controlled trial.
RCT comparing a commercial carbohydrate-rich whey protein beverage to plain water pre-gastroscopy in 78 participants. The whey protein beverage was associated with higher gastric residual volume and improved well-being measures such as reduced anxiety, hunger, and thirst. No serious adverse events were reported.
Effects of a multicomponent resistance-based exercise program with protein, vitamin D and calcium supplementation on cognition in men with prostate cancer treated with ADT: secondary analysis of a 12-month randomised controlled trial.
This 12-month RCT investigated the effects of a multicomponent exercise program combined with daily whey protein, calcium, and vitamin D supplementation on cognition in 70 men with prostate cancer treated with ADT. The intervention had no significant effect on cognition compared to usual care.
Effects of Whey Protein or Its Hydrolysate Supplements Combined with an Energy-Restricted Diet on Weight Loss: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Older Women.
RCT of 60 older women with overweight and obesity comparing energy-restricted diet alone to diet plus 20 g/day whey protein or whey protein hydrolysate. WPH group showed greater reductions in body weight, BMI, and body fat compared to control. Fat-free mass did not significantly change. WPH may enhance energy metabolism.
Investigation of the Effect of Nutritional Supplementation with Whey Protein and Vitamin D on Muscle Mass and Muscle Quality in Subacute Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Patients: A Randomized, Single-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled trial investigating the effect of whey protein and vitamin D supplementation on muscle mass and quality in post-stroke rehabilitation patients. The study found no significant difference in muscle cross-sectional area and skeletal muscle index between groups, but fat infiltration into thigh muscle was significantly lower in the supplemented group. Blood urea nitrogen and serum 25(OH)D levels were higher in the supplemented group but within normal ranges.
Influence of protein source (cricket, pea, whey) on amino acid bioavailability and activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway after resistance exercise in healthy young males.
RCT comparing the effects of cricket, pea, and whey protein ingestion on amino acid bioavailability and mTORC1 signaling pathway activation in young males after resistance exercise. Whey protein resulted in higher amino acid blood concentrations compared to cricket and pea protein, but no differences were observed in mTORC1 activation between the protein sources.
Impact of resistance exercise rehabilitation and whey protein supplementation in elderly patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction with sarcopenia: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
This study protocol outlines a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of resistance exercise rehabilitation and whey protein supplementation in elderly patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and sarcopenia. The trial will assess changes in 6-minute walking distance, muscle status, cardiac function, nutritional status, quality of life, and major adverse cardiovascular events over 12 weeks.
Leucine-enriched whey protein supplementation, resistance-based exercise, and cardiometabolic health in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.
The Liverpool Hope University-Sarcopenia Aging Trial was a 16-week RCT involving 100 older adults, examining the effects of leucine-enriched whey protein supplementation and resistance-based exercise on cardiometabolic health. The study found that supplementation improved LDL-cholesterol, serum insulin, and HOMA-IR levels, indicating positive effects on cardiometabolic health markers.
A novel oral nutritional supplement improves gait speed and mitochondrial functioning compared to standard care in older adults with (or at risk of) undernutrition: results from a randomized controlled trial.
RCT of 82 older adults with or at risk of undernutrition comparing a novel oral nutritional supplement to a standard supplement over 12 weeks. The novel supplement improved walking performance and upregulated gene sets related to mitochondrial functioning compared to the standard supplement.
The Effect of A Whey-Protein and Galacto-Oligosaccharides Based Product on Parameters of Sleep Quality, Stress, and Gut Microbiota in Apparently Healthy Adults with Moderate Sleep Disturbances: A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Study.
Cross-over RCT of a dairy-based product containing whey protein and galacto-oligosaccharides on sleep quality, stress, and gut microbiota in 70 adults with sleep disturbances. The product reduced salivary cortisol and improved gut microbiota but showed mixed results on sleep quality, with improvements only in a subset of participants.
A Randomized Controlled Pilot Exercise and Protein Effectiveness Supplementation Study (EXPRESS) on Reducing Frailty Risk in Community-Dwelling Older People.
This pilot RCT examined the effects of a 6-month exercise program combined with rice or whey protein supplementation on physical performance in older adults. No significant differences were found between the groups in primary outcomes, except for lower energy and fat intake in the WheyPro group. Gastrointestinal symptoms were more common with whey protein.
Effect of whey protein supplementation after resistance exercise on the treatment of sarcopenia and quality of life among older women with sarcopenia: A randomized controlled trial
RCT evaluating a 24-week program of whey protein supplementation and resistance exercise in older women with sarcopenia. The Ex+Whey group showed improvements in sarcopenia, skeletal muscle mass index, grip strength, and physical quality of life. The Whey group also showed improvements in sarcopenia and skeletal muscle mass index.
SHORT-TERM EFFECT OF WHEY PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS WAITING FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION: A DOUBLE BLINDED RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
Double-blind randomized clinical trial evaluating the short-term effect of whey protein supplementation on the quality of life and nutritional status of patients waiting for liver transplantation. Both whey protein and casein supplementation improved health-related quality of life, with no significant differences between groups.
Protein Supplement and Enhanced Recovery After Posterior Spine Fusion Surgery
Randomized, double-blind clinical trial evaluating the effect of protein supplementation on vertebral fusion and recovery after posterior spine fusion surgery. The intervention group receiving whey protein showed significantly higher rates of vertebral fusion, lower surgical site infection and pain, and improved wound healing compared to the control group.
Effects of Prolonged Whey Protein Supplementation and Resistance Training on Biomarkers of Vitamin B12 Status: A 1-Year Randomized Intervention in Healthy Older Adults (the CALM Study).
RCT investigating the effect of long-term whey protein supplementation on biomarkers of B12 status in 167 healthy older adults. Whey protein increased plasma B12 and holotranscobalamin levels, while collagen and carbohydrate supplements showed no effect. The study also noted the impact of fasting vs. non-fasting conditions on B12 biomarkers.
Improving rehabilitation in sarcopenia: a randomized-controlled trial utilizing a muscle-targeted food for special medical purposes.
RCT of 140 older adults with sarcopenia comparing a whey protein-based nutritional formula enriched with leucine and vitamin D to an iso-caloric control. The experimental group showed significant improvements in gait speed, muscle mass, physical performance, cognitive status, and reduced rehabilitation intensity and costs.
Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation on Aortic Stiffness, Cerebral Blood Flow, and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Findings from the ANCHORS A-WHEY Clinical Trial
The ANCHORS A-WHEY clinical trial was a 12-week RCT examining the effects of whey protein on aortic stiffness, cerebrovascular responses, and cognitive function in older adults. Whey protein supplementation significantly decreased aortic stiffness and hemodynamic load compared to a carbohydrate control, with limited effects on cognitive function and cerebrovascular function.
Effects of Whey and Pea Protein Supplementation on Post-Eccentric Exercise Muscle Damage: A Randomized Trial.
This randomized trial compared the effects of pea protein, whey protein, and water-only supplementation on muscle damage, inflammation, DOMS, and physical fitness test performance after eccentric exercise in non-athletic males. Whey protein significantly reduced biomarkers of muscle damage compared to water, while pea protein had an intermediate non-significant effect. No significant differences were found between whey and pea protein, and neither protein significantly affected DOMS or fitness tests.
Effects of whey protein and dietary fiber intake on insulin sensitivity, body composition, energy expenditure, blood pressure, and appetite in subjects with abdominal obesity.
A 12-week, double-blind, randomized controlled trial with 73 subjects with abdominal obesity compared the effects of whey protein and dietary fiber intake on metabolic parameters. Whey protein reduced subjective hunger ratings but had no effect on insulin sensitivity, body composition, energy expenditure, or blood pressure.
Whey protein supplementation reducing fasting levels of anandamide and 2-AG without weight loss in pre-menopausal women with obesity on a weight-loss diet
RCT of 60 obese pre-menopausal women on a weight-loss diet, comparing whey protein supplementation to control. Whey protein reduced fasting levels of endocannabinoids (AEA and 2-AG), total cholesterol, triglycerides, and increased HDL-c without significant weight loss.
Effects of adequate dietary protein with whey protein, leucine, and vitamin D supplementation on sarcopenia in older adults: An open-label, parallel-group study.
Open-label, parallel-group study comparing high protein supplementation with whey protein, leucine, and vitamin D to dietary counseling in 56 sarcopenic elders. Both groups increased protein intake, but the supplement group showed better improvement in gait speed, especially in subjects younger than 75 years.
SHORT-TERM EFFECT OF WHEY PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS WAITING FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
Double-blind randomized clinical trial evaluating the short-term effect of whey protein supplementation on the nutritional status and quality of life of patients waiting for liver transplantation. Both whey protein and casein supplementation improved health-related quality of life, with no significant differences between groups.
Efficacy of oral supplementation of whey protein in patients with contact dermatitis: A pilot randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Double-blind, randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of whey protein supplementation in 50 patients with contact dermatitis. The whey protein group showed significant improvements in EASI, DLQI, and subjective total improvement scores compared to placebo.
Effectiveness of whey protein supplements on the serum levels of amino acid, creatinine kinase and myoglobin of athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the effectiveness of whey protein supplements on serum levels of amino acids, creatinine kinase, and myoglobin in athletes. The analysis showed that whey protein significantly increased essential and branched-chain amino acids levels and decreased myoglobin and creatine kinase levels, supporting its role as a positive ergogenic aid.
The Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation on the Temporal Recovery of Muscle Function Following Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation on the recovery of contractile function in young, healthy adults following resistance training. The analysis included 13 RCTs and found overall positive small to medium effects for whey protein in restoring contractile function from < 24 to 96 hours post-training compared to control.
Effect of whey protein supplementation on body composition changes in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of whey protein supplementation on body composition changes in women. Whey protein supplementation increased lean mass but did not influence fat mass changes. The effect on lean mass was more robust with energy restriction.
Whey Protein Supplementation Improves Body Composition and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of whey protein supplementation in overweight and obese individuals. It included nine RCTs and found significant reductions in body weight, lean mass, and fat mass, as well as improvements in cardiovascular risk factors such as blood pressure, glucose, and cholesterol levels.
Effect of whey protein supplementation on long and short term appetite: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of whey protein supplementation on long and short term appetite. The analysis showed a significant reduction in long term appetite but no significant reduction in short term appetite. A significant reduction in prospective food consumption was observed.
Interaction Between 2 Nutraceutical Treatments and Host Immune Status in the Pediatric Critical Illness Stress-Induced Immune Suppression Comparative Effectiveness Trial.
The CRISIS trial compared two nutraceutical supplementation strategies in pediatric patients with varying immune statuses. Whey protein protected immune-competent patients without lymphopenia from infection and sepsis, while zinc, selenium, glutamine, and metoclopramide protected immunocompromised patients. No difference was found in immune-competent patients with lymphopenia.
Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis.
Meta-analysis of nine RCTs involving 192 participants examining the effects of whey protein alone or as part of a multi-ingredient formulation on fat-free mass, lean body mass, and strength in resistance-trained individuals. Whey protein supplementation showed small extra gains in fat-free mass or lean body mass and improvements in upper and lower body strength compared to iso-energetic carbohydrate or non-whey protein supplements.
Effect of whey protein on blood lipid profiles: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of whey protein on blood lipid profiles. Whey supplementation significantly reduced circulating triacylglycerol levels but had no effect on total cholesterol, LDL-C, or HDL-C. Subgroup analysis indicated that the TG reduction was not significant in participants with low BMI, low whey dose, or under exercise/energy restriction.
Metabolic flexibility following resistance exercise and a high protein diet in older men: results from a 12-week randomized controlled trial.
This 12-week randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of resistance exercise and a high protein diet, specifically whey protein supplementation, on metabolic flexibility in 33 healthy older men. Resistance exercise improved metabolic flexibility, while the high protein diet had limited benefits. No synergistic effects were observed between resistance exercise and protein supplementation.
Effects of Greek Yogurt Versus Whey Protein Supplementation on Markers of Bone Turnover and Inflammation in University Athletes: A 24-Week Intervention Study.
RCT comparing Greek yogurt and whey protein supplementation on markers of bone turnover and inflammation in 32 university athletes over 24 weeks. No main effects were found for markers of bone formation, but C-telopeptides of Type I collagen increased in the Greek yogurt group and returned to baseline postintervention. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand increased pre- to postcontrol and returned to baseline by midintervention across groups.
The effects of whey protein supplementation on athletic performance and body composition in adolescent soccer players: a randomized controlled trial.
RCT assessing whey protein supplementation on athletic performance and body composition in 22 adolescent soccer players over a 10-week season. Whey protein improved V̇Omax compared to control but did not significantly affect sprint performance, musculoskeletal fitness, or body composition.
Effects of Four Weeks of Alternate-Day Fasting with or Without Protein Supplementation-A Randomized Controlled Trial.
RCT examining the effects of short-term alternate-day fasting (ADF) with or without whey protein supplementation on body composition in young Asian men with an unhealthy BMI. ADF significantly reduced body and fat mass, but also reduced muscle mass, which was not attenuated by low-dose protein supplementation during fasting days.
Ingestion of 20 g Whey or Canola Protein Does Not Further Increase Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates During Recovery From Resistance Exercise In Healthy, Young Females.
RCT comparing the effects of ingesting 20 g whey protein, 20 g canola protein, or a placebo on muscle protein synthesis rates during recovery from resistance exercise in 36 healthy young females. No significant differences in muscle protein synthesis rates were observed between the protein and placebo groups.
Effects of a multimodal Intervention on metabolic markers in older women under dietary control: a triple-blind clinical trial
Triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating the effects of resistance exercise and whey protein supplementation on metabolic markers in older women over 12 weeks. HDL-c decreased and LDL-c increased in the exercise + whey protein group, while fasting glucose decreased in the exercise + placebo group. No significant differences were found between groups.
Resistance training increases myofibrillar protein synthesis in middle-to-older aged adults consuming a typical diet with no influence of protein source: a randomized controlled trial.
RCT with 27 middle-to-older aged adults comparing whey protein and pea protein supplementation during resistance training. Both protein sources increased myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in trained legs, with no significant differences between protein sources. Pea protein reduced serum non-HDL-cholesterol.
Post-Exercise Whey Protein Supplementation: Effects on IGF-1, Strength, and Body Composition in Pre-Menopausal Women, a Randomised Controlled Trial.
RCT evaluating post-exercise whey protein supplementation effects on IGF-1, strength, and body composition in 27 untrained pre-menopausal women. Protein intake increased in the PRO group, but IGF-1 showed no change. Total lean mass and strength increased in both groups, with little effect from protein supplementation.
Acute Effects of Oral Microbial Protease Co-ingestion with Whey Protein on Postprandial Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations, Appetite, and Satiety in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial.
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study assessed the effects of microbial protease preparations (P3) co-ingested with whey protein concentrate (WPC) on postprandial plasma amino acid concentrations and appetite in 24 healthy young adults. P3 enhanced early postprandial plasma aminoacidemia and altered select indices of appetite and satiety compared to placebo.
Premeal Whey Protein Lowers Postprandial Blood Glucose in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial.
A randomized, crossover clinical trial examined the effect of premeal whey protein on postprandial glucose levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Premeal whey protein significantly lowered peak glucose levels in both groups compared to placebo, with a dose-dependent reduction observed at home.
Effect of high intakes of protein-only and carbohydrate-only on plasma metabolites and hormones, in addition to nitrogen excretion.
This study compared the metabolic and hormonal responses to isocaloric intakes of whey protein alone versus carbohydrate alone in 14 young, healthy participants. Whey protein intake led to increased plasma amino acids and GLP-1, while carbohydrate intake increased plasma glucose and insulin more significantly. Urinary nitrogen excretion was higher following whey protein intake.
The Effect of Leucine-Enriched β-Lactoglobulin Versus an Isonitrogenous Whey Protein Isolate on Skeletal Muscle Protein Anabolism in Young Healthy Males.
RCT comparing the effects of leucine-enriched beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) versus isonitrogenous whey protein isolate (WPI) on muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in 10 young healthy males. Both supplements increased MPS significantly, with BLG showing greater EAA/BCAA/leucinemia.
Whey protein and male acne: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial.
A double-blind, randomized controlled trial investigated the association between whey protein consumption and acne severity in men with acne. The study found a noninferior difference in changes in total acne lesions and severity between the whey protein group and the non-whey protein group over a 6-month period.
Whey Protein Supplementation in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Undergoing a Resistance Training Program: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.
Double-blind RCT of 39 older adults with Type 2 diabetes undergoing resistance training, comparing whey protein supplementation to placebo. Both groups improved in muscle strength, with no significant advantage for whey protein. Whey protein slightly increased blood urea but remained within normal limits. Small improvement in mental health was noted in the whey protein group.
Effects of resistance exercise and whey protein supplementation on cognitive function in older men: secondary analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
This study investigated the effects of resistance exercise and whey protein supplementation on cognitive function in older men. Whey protein improved executive function more than the control, with a trend towards improved global cognitive function. Resistance exercise did not improve cognitive domains but decreased systemic inflammation biomarkers.
Acute effects of a ketone monoester, whey protein, or their coingestion on mTOR trafficking and protein-protein colocalization in human skeletal muscle.
This study investigated the acute effects of ingesting a ketone monoester, whey protein, or their coingestion on mTOR-related protein-protein colocalization and intracellular trafficking in human skeletal muscle. All treatments decreased TSC2-Rheb colocalization at 120 minutes, with KET+PRO sustaining the decrease at 300 minutes. PRO and KET+PRO increased mTOR-Rheb colocalization, with a greater increase in KET+PRO at 300 minutes. The findings suggest that ketone monoester intake influences the spatial regulation of mTOR in human muscle.
Acute ingestion of a ketone monoester, whey protein, or their co-ingestion in the overnight postabsorptive state elicit a similar stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in young males: a double-blind randomized trial.
Double-blind randomized trial in 36 healthy young males comparing the effects of ketone monoester, whey protein, and their co-ingestion on postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. All treatments stimulated protein synthesis rates similarly, with no significant differences between them.
The effects of whey, pea, and collagen protein supplementation beyond the recommended dietary allowance on integrated myofibrillar protein synthetic rates in older males: a randomized controlled trial.
RCT with 31 older males comparing the effects of whey, pea, and collagen protein supplementation beyond the RDA on myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. Whey and pea protein increased MPS rates, while collagen did not. Supplemental protein improved anabolic signaling and aminoacidemia.
Ingestion of a Whey Plus Collagen Protein Blend Increases Myofibrillar and Muscle Connective Protein Synthesis Rates.
RCT with 28 men assessing the effects of a whey and collagen protein blend on myofibrillar and muscle connective protein synthesis rates. The blend increased synthesis rates at rest and further increased myofibrillar synthesis during recovery from exercise.
Consuming Whey Protein with Added Essential Amino Acids, Not Carbohydrate, Maintains Postexercise Anabolism While Underfed.
This randomized controlled trial tested the effects of EAA-enriched whey protein with added essential amino acids versus added carbohydrates on postexercise muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and whole-body protein turnover in 17 adults. The study found that supplementing with more energy as EAA, rather than carbohydrates, maintained postexercise MPS during energy deficit at rates comparable to those during energy balance.
Effects of bovine whey protein on exercise-induced gut permeability in healthy adults: a randomised controlled trial.
RCT investigating the effects of whey protein on exercise-induced gut permeability in 16 healthy adults. The study found that while exercise increased gut permeability, whey protein consumption did not mitigate this effect.
[Whey protein and caseinate supplementation in oncological patients undergoing elective surgery for the modification of functional capacity].
RCT evaluating the perioperative effect of whey protein isolate and calcium caseinate in cancer patients undergoing elective surgery. Whey protein supplementation maintained handgrip strength and showed less extracellular water and increased visceral mass compared to the control group.
Supplementation with Whey Protein, but Not Pea Protein, Reduces Muscle Damage Following Long-Distance Walking in Older Adults.
RCT comparing the effects of 13 days of whey protein, pea protein, and placebo supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in 47 older adults. Whey protein significantly reduced post-exercise creatine kinase concentrations, indicating reduced muscle damage, while pea protein did not show this effect.
The Real-Life Use of a Protein-Sparing Modified Fast Diet by Nasogastric Tube (ProMoFasT) in Adults with Obesity: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial.
Open-label RCT comparing the effects of a whey protein-based protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) diet administered via nasogastric tube (ProMoFasT) versus orally in adults with obesity. The ProMoFasT group showed better improvements in body composition and glucometabolic markers compared to the oral group after 150 days.
Dose-Response of Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis To Ingested Whey Protein During Energy Restriction in Overweight Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.
RCT investigating the dose-response of myofibrillar protein synthesis to ingested whey protein during energy restriction in overweight postmenopausal women. A 35g dose of whey protein was found to be sufficient to stimulate maximal acute response of muscle protein synthesis, suggesting a protein recommendation to mitigate muscle loss during weight loss.
A Complementary Therapy with Whey Protein in Diabetes: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
This double-blind randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of whey protein on glycemic control in 58 patients with type 2 diabetes in Iran. After 12 weeks, the whey protein group showed significant decreases in fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin A1C compared to baseline, suggesting whey protein as a promising complementary therapy for hyperglycemia in T2DM.