Research
Tocotrienols
37 peer-reviewed studies curated from PubMed and Semantic Scholar.
Studies
Sorted by quality and recency
Comparative efficacy of tocotrienol and tocopherol (vitamin E) on atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in humans.
Systematic review comparing tocotrienol and tocopherol in managing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Tocotrienol showed significant antioxidant efficacy, reducing cholesterol and inflammatory biomarkers, while tocopherol results were heterogeneous.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tocotrienols in healthy human volunteers: a systematic review.
Systematic review comparing pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability of annatto-based tocotrienol with palm tocotrienol-rich fraction in healthy human volunteers. Annatto-based tocotrienol, particularly the delta isomer, showed higher bioavailability than palm-derived tocotrienol.
The effects of tocotrienols intake on obesity, blood pressure, inflammation, liver and glucose biomarkers: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assessing tocotrienol supplementation on various health indices. Tocotrienol consumption was associated with an increase in body weight and diastolic blood pressure, and a decrease in systolic blood pressure. No significant effects were observed for other outcomes such as CRP, BMI, and glucose biomarkers.
Effects of tocotrienols supplementation on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs evaluating tocotrienols supplementation on inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers. Significant reduction in C-reactive protein levels was observed, attributed to a single study using δ-tocotrienols. No effects were found on interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and malondialdehyde, though a subgroup analysis suggested potential reduction in malondialdehyde at 400 mg/day.
The effects of tocotrienol supplementation on lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials examining tocotrienol supplementation on lipid profile. Tocotrienol significantly increased HDL-C levels but had no significant effect on LDL-C, TC, and TG levels. Higher doses of tocotrienol showed a significant decrease in TG levels.
Safety and Neuroprotective Efficacy of Palm Oil and Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction from Palm Oil: A Systematic Review.
Systematic review of 18 studies (10 animal and 8 cell studies) showing that palm oil and its tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) enhanced cognitive performance in healthy animals and exerted neuroprotective effects in diabetes-induced and Alzheimer's disease models. TRF and α-tocotrienol improved cognitive function, reduced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis.
Tocotrienol-Enriched Beverage Enhances Psychological Well-Being, Antioxidant Defense, and Genomic Stability in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
This RCT investigated the effects of a tocotrienol-enriched drink on oxidative damage and genomic stability in older adults over 6 months. Significant improvements were observed in psychological well-being, antioxidant defense, and genomic stability, suggesting beneficial effects of tocotrienol supplementation.
Effects of tocotrienol-enriched oat supplementation on metabolic profile, nutritional status and health-related quality of life among patients with metabolic syndrome.
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial studied the effects of tocotrienol-enriched oat supplementation on patients with metabolic syndrome. The tocotrienol group showed significant improvements in fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, HDL-C, triglyceride levels, muscle mass, and body fat after 12 weeks. Both tocotrienol and oat groups improved health-related quality of life.
B-218 Role of Delta Tocotrienol and Resveratrol Supplementation in Regulation of Micro RNAs in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial
This randomized placebo-controlled trial studied the effect of δ-tocotrienol and resveratrol supplementation on miRNA expression in 82 patients with metabolic syndrome over 24 weeks. The supplementation significantly upregulated miR-130b-5p and miR-221-5p, and downregulated miR-122-5p, correlating with improvements in metabolic syndrome biomarkers such as hs-CRP, TNF-α, fasting plasma glucose, and triglycerides.
Comparison of delta-tocotrienol and alpha-tocopherol effects on hepatic steatosis and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized double-blind active-controlled trial.
This randomized double-blind active-controlled trial compared the effects of delta-tocotrienol and alpha-tocopherol in 100 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease over 48 weeks. Both groups showed significant improvements in hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Delta-tocotrienol was more effective than alpha-tocopherol in reducing body weight, inflammation, and apoptosis.
Tocotrienol-Rich Vitamin E (Tocovid) Improved Nerve Conduction Velocity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in a Phase II Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
Phase II double-blind RCT of 88 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients assessing tocotrienol-rich vitamin E (Tocovid) on nerve conduction velocity. Tocovid group showed significant improvements in conduction velocity of median and sural sensory nerves after 12 months compared to placebo. Improvements diminished after 6 months of washout.
Efficacy of Oral Mixed Tocotrienols in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
RCT evaluating the efficacy of oral mixed tocotrienols in 300 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy over 12 months. No significant improvement in neuropathic symptoms was observed overall, though tocotrienols reduced lancinating pain in certain subgroups. More infections were noted in the tocotrienols group.
Tocotrienols, health and ageing: A systematic review.
Systematic review evaluating the effects of tocotrienols on ageing-related parameters. Evidence suggests tocotrienols may benefit cognitive function and reduce DNA damage in elderly people. In vitro studies indicate potential benefits for bone health through inhibition of osteoclast activity and promotion of osteoblast activity.
A combination of palm oil tocotrienols and citrus peel polymethoxylated flavones does not influence elevated LDL cholesterol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels.
Double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT with 204 hypercholesterolemic individuals testing low-dose tocotrienols and polymethoxylated flavones. After 12 weeks, no significant differences in LDL-C or hsCRP levels were observed between groups, indicating no effect beyond placebo.
Effectiveness of tocotrienol-rich fraction combined with tamoxifen in the management of women with early breast cancer: a pilot clinical trial.
Double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot trial testing adjuvant tocotrienol therapy combined with tamoxifen in 240 women with early breast cancer over five years. The study found no significant association between tocotrienol therapy and breast cancer specific survival.
A 12-week evaluation of annatto tocotrienol supplementation for postmenopausal women: safety, quality of life, body composition, physical activity, and nutrient intake.
RCT evaluating the safety of 12-week annatto tocotrienol supplementation in 89 postmenopausal osteopenic women. Tocotrienol supplementation did not affect liver or kidney function and was safe up to 600 mg per day. No effects were observed on quality of life, body composition, physical activity, or nutrient intake.
Tocotrienol supplementation suppressed bone resorption and oxidative stress in postmenopausal osteopenic women: a 12-week randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial.
A 12-week randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial in 89 postmenopausal osteopenic women evaluated the effects of tocotrienol supplementation on bone health. Tocotrienol supplementation decreased bone resorption and improved bone turnover rate by suppressing bone remodeling regulators and oxidative stress.
Comparing palm oil tocotrienol rich fraction with α-tocopherol supplementation on oxidative stress in healthy older adults.
RCT comparing tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) and alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TF) supplementation on oxidative stress in 71 healthy older adults aged 50-55. TRF reduced MDA levels in both genders and DNA damage in females, while alpha-TF reduced plasma MDA and protein carbonyl in females. Both supplements increased plasma vitamin D concentration, with higher levels in males in the TRF group.
A new formulation of Gamma Delta Tocotrienol has superior bioavailability compared to existing Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction in healthy human subjects.
This single-dose, randomized, crossover study compared the bioavailability of a new formulation of Gamma Delta Tocotrienol (GDT) with the existing Tocotrienol-rich Fraction (TRF) in healthy volunteers. GDT showed superior bioavailability for gamma tocotrienol but less bioavailability for delta tocotrienol compared to TRF. No adverse events were reported.
Tocotrienols for normalisation of hepatic echogenic response in nonalcoholic fatty liver: a randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial.
RCT of 87 hypercholesterolaemic adults with NAFLD comparing mixed tocotrienols to placebo over 1 year. Tocotrienols significantly improved hepatic echogenic response compared to placebo, with no adverse events reported.
Vitamin E tocotrienol supplementation improves lipid profiles in chronic hemodialysis patients.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 81 chronic hemodialysis patients assessed the effects of vitamin E tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) supplementation on lipid profiles. TRF supplementation improved lipid profiles, including reduced plasma triacylglycerols and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, compared to placebo after 12 and 16 weeks.
Oral tocotrienols are transported to human tissues and delay the progression of the model for end-stage liver disease score in patients.
RCT studying oral supplementation of tocotrienols (TE) and tocopherols (TCP) in 80 participants. TE significantly increased tissue concentrations in various organs and lowered the MELD score in 50% of liver transplantation patients, suggesting potential benefits for brain and liver health.
Effect of citrus flavonoids and tocotrienols on serum cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects.
RCT examining the effect of 270 mg citrus flavonoids plus 30 mg tocotrienols on cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, apolipoprotein B, and triglycerides were observed, with HDL levels remaining unchanged in some groups and a nonsignificant increase in others.
Dose-dependent suppression of serum cholesterol by tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF25) of rice bran in hypercholesterolemic humans.
RCT of 90 hypercholesterolemic human subjects testing various doses of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF25) from rice bran on serum lipid parameters. A dose of 100 mg/day TRF25 showed maximum decreases in serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and triglycerides, suggesting it may be optimal for controlling coronary heart disease risk.
Supplementation with 3 compositionally different tocotrienol supplements does not improve cardiovascular disease risk factors in men and women with hypercholesterolemia.
Double-blind, randomized, parallel-design study of 67 hypercholesterolemic men and women consuming tocotrienol supplements or placebo for 28 days. Serum tocotrienols increased, but no significant differences in lipid or glucose concentrations were observed among treatment groups. LDL cholesterol increased slightly in the mixed alpha- plus gamma-tocotrienol group compared to the P25-complex group.
Effect of palm-based tocotrienols and tocopherol mixture supplementation on platelet aggregation in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial.
A randomised, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial involving 32 adults with metabolic syndrome investigated the effect of palm-based tocotrienols and tocopherol mixture supplementation on platelet aggregation reactivity. The study found no substantial changes in fasting or postprandial platelet aggregation reactivity after supplementation compared to placebo.
Acute effects of a single dose of tocotrienols on insulinemic and inflammatory responses in metabolic syndrome subjects after a high-fat challenge.
RCT investigating the acute effects of a single-dose supplementation of gamma and delta tocotrienols on insulinemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-thrombogenic responses in 30 metabolic syndrome subjects. No significant changes were observed in these responses compared to placebo.
A Phase I Safety, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Presurgical Trial of Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Neoplasia.
Phase I trial of vitamin E δ-tocotrienol (VEDT) in 25 patients with pancreatic ductal neoplasia to assess safety, pharmacokinetics, and apoptotic activity. VEDT was well tolerated, reached bioactive levels, and significantly induced apoptosis in neoplastic cells at doses from 200 to 1600 mg daily.
Supplementation with tocotrienol-rich fraction alters the plasma levels of Apolipoprotein A-I precursor, Apolipoprotein E precursor, and C-reactive protein precursor from young and old individuals.
RCT studying the effects of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) supplementation on plasma protein expression in young and old individuals. TRF supplementation increased plasma levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols and altered the expression of proteins related to cholesterol homeostasis, acute-phase response, and immune response.
Dose dependent elevation of plasma tocotrienol levels and its effect on arterial compliance, plasma total antioxidant status, and lipid profile in healthy humans supplemented with tocotrienol rich vitamin E.
RCT assessing the effects of tocotrienol-rich vitamin E (TRE) on plasma tocotrienol levels, arterial compliance, antioxidant status, and lipid profile in 36 healthy males. TRE increased tocotrienol concentrations but did not significantly affect arterial compliance or lipid levels. Higher doses reduced aortic systolic blood pressure and improved total antioxidant status.
The therapeutic impacts of tocotrienols in type 2 diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the effects of tocotrienols on serum and lipoprotein lipid levels in 19 type 2 diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia. After 60 days of treatment, there was a significant reduction in serum total lipids, total cholesterol, and LDL-C levels. The study concluded that tocotrienols may be beneficial in preventing and treating hyperlipidemia and atherogenesis in type 2 diabetics.
Novel tocotrienols of rice bran suppress cholesterogenesis in hereditary hypercholesterolemic swine.
The study evaluated the effects of novel tocotrienols from rice bran on lipid metabolism in genetically hypercholesterolemic swine. Tocotrienol supplementation significantly reduced serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and other lipid-related markers compared to control. The effects persisted for 10 weeks after returning to a control diet.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols under different food status.
The study investigated the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of alpha-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienols under fed and fasted conditions in eight healthy volunteers. Significant differences in Cmax and AUC were observed between fed and fasted states, indicating increased absorption of tocotrienols when taken with food.
Antioxidant effects of tocotrienols in patients with hyperlipidemia and carotid stenosis.
RCT investigating the antioxidant properties of Palm Vitee, enriched with gamma-tocotrienol and alpha-tocopherol, in 50 patients with carotid atherosclerosis over 18 months. The tocotrienol group showed carotid atherosclerotic regression in some patients and decreased serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, suggesting potential positive effects on carotid atherosclerosis.
A vitamin E concentrate rich in tocotrienols had no effect on serum lipids, lipoproteins, or platelet function in men with mildly elevated serum lipid concentrations.
RCT examining the effects of a vitamin E concentrate rich in tocotrienols on serum lipoproteins and platelet function in men with mildly elevated serum lipid concentrations. The tocotrienol supplements had no marked favorable effects on the serum lipoprotein profile or on platelet function.
Response of hypercholesterolemic subjects to administration of tocotrienols.
The study assessed the cholesterol-suppressive actions of Palmvitee and gamma-tocotrienol in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Subjects on a dietary regimen experienced a decrease in cholesterol levels, with further reductions observed upon administration of Palmvitee and gamma-tocotrienol. The study found that alpha-tocopherol attenuated the cholesterol-suppressive action of tocotrienols.
Protection by tocotrienols against hypercholesterolaemia and atheroma.
Animal study assessing the effects of tocotrienols on serum cholesterol, lipid peroxides, and aorta atheroma in rabbits fed an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. Tocotrienols were more effective than tocopherols in preventing increases in serum LDL and total cholesterol levels, and in suppressing serum lipid peroxides. Both tocopherols and tocotrienols offered significant protection against atheroma, with tocotrienols having a stronger hypolipidaemic effect.