Research

Soy Isoflavones

69 peer-reviewed studies curated from PubMed and Semantic Scholar.

14
Meta-analyses
6
Systematic reviews
43
RCTs
6
Other studies
Meta-analyses (20%)
Systematic reviews (9%)
RCTs (62%)
Observational (1%)

Studies

Sorted by quality and recency

2025·Menopause (New York, N.Y.)·Mingkwan Na Takuathung, Ratchanon Inpan, Kantirat Yaja, et al

Isoflavones improve vaginal atrophy, skin health, and sex-related hormones in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Meta-analysisn = 2,657Womens Health Skin Hair Health Hormone Health

Systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 RCTs with 2,657 postmenopausal women evaluating isoflavone interventions. Isoflavones significantly reduced vaginal dryness, improved vaginal maturation, enhanced skin health, and increased estradiol levels.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2023·Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA·Ratchanon Inpan, Mingkwan Na Takuathung, Wannachai Sakuludomkan, et al

Isoflavone intervention and its impact on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Meta-analysisn = 4,754Joint Bone Health

Systematic review and meta-analysis of 63 RCTs evaluating isoflavone interventions on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Isoflavones significantly improved BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and distal radius, especially with genistein doses of at least 50 mg/day over 12 months.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2023·Nutrition and cancer·Sihan Song, Jong-Ho Cheun, Hyeong-Gon Moon, et al

Dietary Isoflavone Intake and Breast Cancer Prognosis: A Prospective Analysis and Meta-Analysis.

Meta-analysisn = 592Womens Health

This study examined the association between dietary isoflavone intake and breast cancer prognosis in 592 breast cancer survivors. A meta-analysis of 14 studies found that higher isoflavone intake was associated with a better prognosis, showing a reduced risk of recurrence and all-cause mortality.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2023·Nutrients·Xinrong Zuo, Rui Zhao, Minming Wu, et al

Soy Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Meta-analysisHeart Health Nutrition

Systematic review and meta-analysis of 29 articles examining the association between soy consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. High soy consumption was associated with a reduced risk of T2D, CVDs, coronary heart disease, and stroke. Specific soy products like tofu and natto were particularly beneficial.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2023·Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening·Jiayang Chen, Li Feng, Wei Jin, et al

Identification of the Key Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients of Yishen Qutong Granule, A Chinese Medicine Formula, In The Treatment of Primary Lung Cancer.

Meta-analysis

The study investigates the antitumor efficacy of Yishen Qutong granule (YSQTG) in primary lung cancer treatment, identifying genistein and quercetin as key active pharmaceutical ingredients. YSQTG was shown to inhibit lung cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in vitro, with oxidative stress-related pathways as a possible mechanism.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2022·Frontiers in nutrition·Ying Duan, Qi Qi, Zihao Liu, et al

Soy consumption and serum uric acid levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Systematic reviewNutrition

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of soy intake on plasma uric acid levels. It included 17 studies, finding that soy consumption increased serum uric acid concentration in acute human studies, while soy-derived products had no significant effect. Long-term human studies showed no significant effects of soy protein and isoflavones on uric acid levels, but animal trials indicated a significant reduction in serum uric acid concentrations.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2022·American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology·Rijul Jain, Charlotte Bolch, Layla Al-Nakkash, et al

Systematic review of the impact of genistein on diabetes-related outcomes.

Systematic reviewNutrition Hormone Health Heart Health

This systematic review evaluated the impact of genistein on diabetes-related outcomes. Preclinical studies showed genistein decreased body weight, glucose, and triglycerides, while increasing insulin levels and sensitivity. Clinical studies found genistein improved insulin sensitivity and serum triglyceride concentrations, and delayed the onset of type 2 diabetes, though it generally showed no significant effect on body mass, glucose, or A1C concentrations.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2022·Frontiers in nutrition·Yahui Fan, Mingxu Wang, Zhaofang Li, et al

Intake of Soy, Soy Isoflavones and Soy Protein and Risk of Cancer Incidence and Mortality.

Meta-analysisLongevity

Meta-analysis of 81 prospective cohort studies examining the association of soy, soy isoflavones, and soy protein intake with cancer incidence and mortality. Higher intake of soy and soy isoflavones was inversely associated with cancer incidence, particularly lung and prostate cancer, but not with cancer mortality.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2020·Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)·Katharine E Reed, Juliana Camargo, Jill Hamilton-Reeves, et al

Neither soy nor isoflavone intake affects male reproductive hormones: An expanded and updated meta-analysis of clinical studies.

Meta-analysisn = 1,753Hormone Health -

Meta-analysis of 41 studies assessing the effects of soy protein and isoflavone intake on male reproductive hormones. No significant effects on total testosterone, free testosterone, estradiol, estrone, or sex hormone binding globulin levels were found, regardless of dose and study duration.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2020·Phytotherapy research : PTR·Jiawei Zeng, Yue Feng, Jiafu Feng, et al

The effect of soy intervention on insulin-like growth factor 1 levels: A meta-analysis of clinical trials.

Meta-analysis

This meta-analysis of eight clinical trials assessed the effect of soy consumption on plasma IGF-1 levels. The study found a significant increase in IGF-1 levels following soy intervention, with greater effects observed at dosages ≤40g/day, intervention durations <12 weeks, and among non-healthy subjects.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2019·Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics·Seyed Mostafa Nachvak, Shima Moradi, Javad Anjom-Shoae, et al

Soy, Soy Isoflavones, and Protein Intake in Relation to Mortality from All Causes, Cancers, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.

Meta-analysisn = 330,826Longevity Heart Health Immunity

Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 23 prospective studies with 330,826 participants. Soy and soy products consumption was inversely associated with mortality from cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Higher intake of soy isoflavones and soy protein was linked to decreased risk of mortality from all causes, cancers, and breast cancer.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2016·Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·F Abdi, Z Alimoradi, P Haqi, et al

Effects of phytoestrogens on bone mineral density during the menopause transition: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials.

Systematic reviewn = 3,494Joint Bone Health

Systematic review of 23 RCTs with 3494 participants examining the effects of phytoestrogens on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. The review suggests isoflavones may have beneficial effects on bone health, though results on BMD changes were controversial.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2010·Human reproduction update·Lee Hooper, Giri Madhavan, Jeffrey A Tice, et al

Effects of isoflavones on breast density in pre- and post-menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Meta-analysisn = 1,287

Systematic review and meta-analysis of 8 RCTs involving 1287 women assessing the effects of isoflavone-rich foods or supplements on mammographic density. Isoflavone intake did not alter breast density in post-menopausal women but may cause a small increase in breast density in premenopausal women.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2026·Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI)·Mingkwan Na Takuathung, Kantirat Yaja, Jakkrit Aisara, et al

A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Genistein Plus Bakuchiol and Vitamins (GEN) Product for Male Facial Skin: Effects on Skin Appearance and Properties.

RCTn = 80Skin Hair Health

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of the Genistein Plus Bakuchiol and Vitamins (GEN) product on male facial skin in 80 participants. The GEN group showed significant improvements in cheek skin lightening, color consistency, and reduction in forehead spots after 12 weeks. The product was well-tolerated with mild adverse events.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2025·International journal of community based nursing and midwifery·Roya Partovi Golshan, Maryam Moradi, Hasan Rakhshandeh, et al

Comparison of the Effects of Vitagnus, Soy, and Vitagnus-soy Capsules on Premenstrual Syndrome in University Students: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

RCTn = 108Womens Health

This triple-blind, three-arm clinical trial compared the effects of Vitagnus, soy, and a Vitagnus-soy combination on PMS symptoms in 108 university students. All groups showed significant reduction in PMS symptoms, with the Vitagnus-soy combination being more effective in decreasing psychological and total PMS symptoms than either substance alone.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2025·Maturitas·Hana Kahleova, Tatiana Znayenko-Miller, Richard Holubkov, et al

Isoflavones and changes in body weight and severe hot flashes in postmenopausal women: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.

RCTn = 84Womens Health Physique

Secondary analysis of an RCT with 84 postmenopausal women comparing a low-fat vegan diet supplemented with soybeans to a control diet over 12 weeks. The vegan group showed increased intake of isoflavones, significant weight loss, and a 92% reduction in severe hot flashes. Increased daidzein intake was the main predictor of reduced hot flashes.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2024·Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD·José Viña, Consuelo Borrás, Cristina Mas-Bargues

Genistein, A Phytoestrogen, Delays the Transition to Dementia in Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease Patients.

RCTBrain Health

Double-blind, placebo-controlled bicentric pilot clinical trial showing significant cognitive preservation with genistein, a phytoestrogen, in individuals with prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Genistein demonstrated anti-amyloid-β, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2023·Journal of Clinical Medicine·M. Na Takuathung, Preeyaporn Klinjan, Wannachai Sakuludomkan, et al

Efficacy and Safety of the Genistein Nutraceutical Product Containing Vitamin E, Vitamin B3, and Ceramide on Skin Health in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

RCTn = 50Skin Hair Health

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of a Genistein Nutraceutical product containing genistein, vitamin E, vitamin B3, and ceramide on the facial skin of 50 postmenopausal women. The GEN product improved skin hydration, reduced wrinkles, and enhanced redness, particularly in older women.

Semantic ScholarRead on Semantic Scholar
2021·Food & function·Yan-Bin Ye, Kai-Yin He, Wan-Lin Li, et al

Effects of daidzein and genistein on markers of cardiovascular disease risk among women with impaired glucose regulation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

RCTn = 165Heart Health -

This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the effects of isolated daidzein and genistein on cardiovascular risk markers in 165 Chinese women with impaired glucose regulation. The study found no significant differences in lipid profiles, hs-CRP, and uric acid levels between the treatment groups over 24 weeks.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2018·Diabetes research and clinical practice·Wenzhen Li, Wenyu Ruan, Ying Peng, et al

Soy and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Meta-analysis

This meta-analysis evaluated the relationship between soy intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk, finding a significant inverse association. The overall relative risk was 0.77, indicating a protective effect, particularly in women, cross-sectional studies, and Asian populations.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2017·Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)·Masoumeh Akhlaghi, Morteza Zare, Fatemeh Nouripour

Effect of Soy and Soy Isoflavones on Obesity-Related Anthropometric Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials.

Meta-analysisPhysique

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of soy and soy isoflavones on obesity-related measures. Soy showed no overall significant effect on weight, waist circumference, or fat mass, but increased weight in certain conditions. Soy decreased waist circumference in older adults, women, and at lower doses. Isoflavones, studied only in women, showed potential BMI reduction, especially at lower doses and shorter durations.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2016·Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience·A A Kamboh, S-Q Hang, M A Khan, et al

In vivo immunomodulatory effects of plant flavonoids in lipopolysaccharide-challenged broilers.

RCTn = 700Immunity Inflammation

This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of plant flavonoids, genistein and hesperidin, in LPS-challenged broilers. Both flavonoids improved plasma antioxidant status and immune response, with combined supplementation showing further improvement than individual compounds.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2016·Archives of gynecology and obstetrics·Sunita Malik, Deepika Pannu, Shashi Prateek, et al

Comparison of the symptomatic response in Indian menopausal women with different estrogen preparations for the treatment of menopausal symptoms: a randomized controlled trial.

RCTn = 200Womens Health

RCT comparing symptomatic response in Indian menopausal women using estradiol valerate, conjugated equine estrogen, isoflavones, and placebo for menopausal symptoms. Isoflavones group showed a 60.42% decrease in mean hot flash score and improvement in vaginal health index after 24 weeks.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2015·European journal of nutrition·Z M Liu, C S Ho, Y M Chen, et al

Can soy intake affect serum uric acid level? Pooled analysis from two 6-month randomized controlled trials among Chinese postmenopausal women with prediabetes or prehypertension.

RCTn = 417

Pooled analysis from two 6-month RCTs among 450 Chinese postmenopausal women with prediabetes or prehypertension examined the effect of soy foods and isoflavone extracts on serum uric acid levels. The study found a lower decrease in uric acid levels among women in the combined soy foods group compared to the placebo group, indicating that soy intake did not increase urate levels.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2014·Poultry science·A A Kamboh, W-Y Zhu

Individual and combined effects of genistein and hesperidin on immunity and intestinal morphometry in lipopolysacharide-challenged broiler chickens.

RCTn = 720Immunity Gut Health

This study investigated the effects of genistein and hesperidin on immunity and intestinal morphometry in LPS-challenged broiler chickens. Both compounds improved phagocytic activity and intestinal morphometry, suggesting potential as feed additives to promote gut health and immunity in poultry.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2014·Maturitas·Annette J Thomas, Rita Ismail, Lisa Taylor-Swanson, et al

Effects of isoflavones and amino acid therapies for hot flashes and co-occurring symptoms during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: a systematic review.

Systematic reviewWomens Health Mood Sleep Mental Clarity

Systematic review of controlled clinical trials on isoflavones and amino acids for hot flashes and co-occurring symptoms during menopause. Isoflavones, particularly soy and red clover, significantly reduced hot flashes and symptoms like mood, sleep, pain, and cognitive function. Amino acids showed no significant effects.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2013·PloS one·Heidi Fritz, Dugald Seely, Gillian Flower, et al

Soy, red clover, and isoflavones and breast cancer: a systematic review.

Systematic reviewWomens Health

Systematic review of soy and red clover isoflavones for menopausal symptoms and breast cancer risk in women. Soy intake consistent with a traditional Japanese diet may reduce breast cancer risk and recurrence without estrogenic effects. Evidence on red clover is limited, but suggests no breast cancer-promoting effects.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2012·Neurology·V W Henderson, J A St John, H N Hodis, et al

Long-term soy isoflavone supplementation and cognition in women: a randomized, controlled trial.

RCTn = 313Brain Health -Mental Clarity

RCT of 313 healthy postmenopausal women assessing the cognitive effects of long-term dietary soy isoflavone supplementation. No significant effect on global cognition was found, but there was a positive effect on visual memory.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2011·Minerva ginecologica·C Agosta, M Atlante, C Benvenuti

Randomized controlled study on clinical efficacy of isoflavones plus Lactobacillus sporogenes, associated or not with a natural anxiolytic agent in menopause.

RCTn = 634Womens Health Mood Sleep

RCT evaluating the efficacy of magnolia bark extract added to isoflavones and lactobacilli in menopausal women with psychoaffective and sleep alterations. Both treatments reduced menopausal symptoms, with magnolia bark extract showing greater efficacy on insomnia, irritability, anxiety, and mood. Positive outcomes were reported in over 70% of participants.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2010·Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·C Castelo-Branco, M J Cancelo Hidalgo

Isoflavones: effects on bone health.

Systematic reviewJoint Bone Health

Systematic review of in vitro, animal, and human studies on isoflavones and bone health. Isoflavones appear to stimulate osteoblastic bone formation and inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption, with evidence of beneficial effects on bone health in peri- and postmenopausal women. Inconsistencies among studies are noted, and further research is recommended.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2009·Fertility and sterility·Jill M Hamilton-Reeves, Gabriela Vazquez, Sue J Duval, et al

Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men: results of a meta-analysis.

Meta-analysis

Meta-analysis evaluating the effects of soy protein or isoflavone intake on reproductive hormones in men. The study found no significant effects on testosterone, SHBG, free testosterone, or free androgen index.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2006·The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society·Aedin Cassidy, Paola Albertazzi, Inge Lise Nielsen, et al

Critical review of health effects of soyabean phyto-oestrogens in post-menopausal women.

Meta-analysisJoint Bone Health Heart Health Womens Health

This meta-analysis reviews the health effects of soyabean phyto-oestrogens, primarily genistein and daidzein, in post-menopausal women. It suggests potential benefits on bone health and lipid markers of cardiovascular risk, but evidence is inconclusive. Limited evidence supports the effectiveness of soyabean isoflavone extracts in reducing menopausal symptoms like hot flushes.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2004·Maturitas·Tamara M Knudson Schult, Kristine E Ensrud, Terri Blackwell, et al

Effect of isoflavones on lipids and bone turnover markers in menopausal women.

RCTn = 252Heart Health Joint Bone Health -

This 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial studied the effects of isoflavones from red clover on lipids and bone turnover markers in 252 menopausal women. Isoflavones significantly decreased triglyceride levels, especially in women with elevated baseline levels, but had no significant effect on HDL-cholesterol or bone turnover markers.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2004·The American journal of clinical nutrition·Charlotte Atkinson, Juliet E Compston, Nicholas E Day, et al

The effects of phytoestrogen isoflavones on bone density in women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

RCTn = 205Joint Bone Health

Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 205 women aged 49-65 years studying the effects of a red clover-derived isoflavone supplement on bone density. The isoflavone group showed significantly lower loss of lumbar spine bone mineral content and density compared to placebo, suggesting a protective effect on the lumbar spine.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2003·JAMA·Jeffrey A Tice, Bruce Ettinger, Kris Ensrud, et al

Phytoestrogen supplements for the treatment of hot flashes: the Isoflavone Clover Extract (ICE) Study: a randomized controlled trial.

RCTn = 252Womens Health -

RCT comparing the efficacy and safety of two red clover-derived isoflavone supplements, Promensil and Rimostil, to placebo in menopausal women experiencing hot flashes. The study found no clinically important effect on hot flashes or other menopause symptoms, although Promensil showed a more rapid reduction in hot flashes compared to placebo.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2022·Nutrients·Maartje van den Belt, Sandra van der Haar, Els Oosterink, et al

Effect of 4-Week Consumption of Soy Kori-tofu on Cardiometabolic Health Markers: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial in Adults with Mildly Elevated Cholesterol Levels.

RCTn = 45Heart Health

Double-blind randomized controlled cross-over trial with 45 adults aged 40-70 years with mildly elevated cholesterol levels, comparing a four-week Kori-tofu intervention to a whey protein control. Significant decreases in cholesterol, HbA1c, fructosamine, and systolic blood pressure were observed within the Kori-tofu intervention, but similar changes were seen in the control group. Only adiponectin changes differed between treatments, but not significantly within interventions.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2022·Alzheimer's research & therapy·José Viña, Joaquín Escudero, Miquel Baquero, et al

Genistein effect on cognition in prodromal Alzheimer's disease patients. The GENIAL clinical trial.

RCTn = 24Brain Health

Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating the effect of 120 mg daily genistein supplementation for 12 months on 24 prodromal Alzheimer's disease patients. Genistein treatment resulted in significant improvement in neurocognitive tests and prevented increased amyloid-beta deposition in the anterior cingulate gyrus compared to placebo.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2020·BMJ open diabetes research & care·Martha Guevara-Cruz, Einar T Godinez-Salas, Monica Sanchez-Tapia, et al

Genistein stimulates insulin sensitivity through gut microbiota reshaping and skeletal muscle AMPK activation in obese subjects.

RCTn = 45

RCT of 45 obese participants with insulin resistance, comparing genistein (50 mg/day) to placebo for 2 months. Genistein reduced insulin resistance, modified gut microbiota, increased AMPK phosphorylation, and enhanced fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2018·Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association·M Karamali, M Kashanian, S Alaeinasab, et al

The effect of dietary soy intake on weight loss, glycaemic control, lipid profiles and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised clinical trial.

RCTn = 60Hormone Health Inflammation Nutrition

A randomized clinical trial among 60 women with PCOS evaluated the effects of dietary soy intake. The test diet with soy protein resulted in significant decreases in BMI, fasting plasma glucose, total testosterone, insulin, insulin resistance, triglycerides, and malondialdehyde, and significant increases in nitric oxide and glutathione compared to the control diet.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2017·Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)·Lee-Jane W Lu, Nai-Wei Chen, Fatima Nayeem, et al

Novel effects of phytoestrogenic soy isoflavones on serum calcium and chloride in premenopausal women: A 2-year double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

RCTn = 197

A 2-year double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 197 premenopausal women to assess the effects of soy isoflavones on serum calcium and chloride levels. Significant associations were found between urinary isoflavone levels and serum calcium and chloride concentrations, suggesting implications for cardiovascular health.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2017·Clinical nutrition·Sasan Amanat, M. Eftekhari, M. Fararouei, et al

Genistein supplementation improves insulin resistance and inflammatory state in non-alcoholic fatty liver patients: A randomized, controlled trial.

RCTn = 82Inflammation Nutrition

RCT of 82 patients with NAFLD comparing 250 mg genistein supplementation to placebo for 8 weeks. Genistein group showed reduced insulin resistance, oxidative and inflammatory indices, and improvements in fat metabolism compared to placebo.

Semantic ScholarRead on Semantic Scholar
2017·Beneficial microbes·T Nagino, C Kaga, M Kano, et al

Effects of fermented soymilk with Lactobacillus casei Shirota on skin condition and the gut microbiota: a randomised clinical pilot trial.

RCTn = 60Skin Hair Health Gut Health

Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 60 healthy premenopausal Japanese women comparing fermented soymilk with Lactobacillus casei Shirota to soymilk. Both groups showed improved skin condition and increased urinary isoflavones, but only the fermented soymilk group showed beneficial modifications in gut microbiota.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2012·Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology·Cristina Tedeschi, Claudio Benvenuti

Comparison of vaginal gel isoflavones versus no topical treatment in vaginal dystrophy: results of a preliminary prospective study.

RCTn = 186Womens Health

RCT comparing vaginal gel containing isoflavones to no topical treatment in 186 menopausal women with vaginal dystrophy. The gel significantly reduced symptoms like itching, burning, erythema, dryness, and dyspareunia compared to no treatment.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2012·Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology·Antonio Cianci, Arrigo F G Cicero, Nicola Colacurci, et al

Activity of isoflavones and berberine on vasomotor symptoms and lipid profile in menopausal women.

RCTn = 120Womens Health Heart Health

RCT of 120 menopausal women comparing a supplement combination of isoflavones and berberine (EL) to calcium and vitamin D3 (CaD). EL treatment significantly lowered plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, and improved menopausal symptoms compared to CaD treatment.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2011·Journal of women's health (2002)·Ying Zhou, D Lee Alekel, Philip M Dixon, et al

The effect of soy food intake on mineral status in premenopausal women.

RCTn = 63

RCT examining the effect of consuming soy foods on mineral status in premenopausal women over 10 weeks. No significant changes were observed in iron or zinc status, bone resorption or formation, or thyroid hormone status. Plasma zinc decreased in both soy and animal food groups.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2008·Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology·Santiago Palacios, Ignacio Alvarez Rojo, Maria Jesús Cancelo, et al

Women's perception of the efficacy of a soy extract with probiotic: the M3 study.

Observationaln = 2,044Womens Health

A prospective multi-center survey of 2044 women aged 40-65 years assessed the perception of soy extract with probiotic on climacteric-related symptoms. After 6 months, the soy extract improved climacteric symptoms and sexuality, with both patients and gynecologists expressing satisfaction.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2006·Maturitas·K M Newton, A Z LaCroix, L Levy, et al

Soy protein and bone mineral density in older men and women: a randomized trial.

RCTn = 145Joint Bone Health

RCT with 145 participants aged 50-80 testing soy isoflavone supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD). Soy protein with isoflavones showed a modest benefit in preserving spine BMD in older women, but not in hip BMD or in men.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2006·European journal of clinical nutrition·G R Lange Skovgaard, A S Jensen, M L Sigler

Effect of a novel dietary supplement on skin aging in post-menopausal women.

RCTn = 80Skin Hair Health

A 6-month double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT on 80 post-menopausal women assessed the effects of Imedeen Prime Renewal, a dietary supplement, on skin aging. The active group showed significant improvements in wrinkles, pigmentation, laxity, and overall skin appearance compared to placebo.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2003·Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology·Helena J Teede, Barry P McGrath, Lakmini DeSilva, et al

Isoflavones reduce arterial stiffness: a placebo-controlled study in men and postmenopausal women.

RCTn = 80Heart Health

A randomized, double-blind trial with 80 healthy subjects examined the effects of isoflavones enriched in biochanin or formononetin on arterial stiffness. Isoflavone intervention significantly reduced arterial stiffness and total peripheral resistance, with improvements attributed to formononetin-enriched isoflavones. No effects were observed on blood pressure or flow-mediated vasodilation.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2017·Annals of nutrition & metabolism·Frank Jochum, Birgit Alteheld, Pamela Meinardus, et al

Mothers' Consumption of Soy Drink But Not Black Tea Increases the Flavonoid Content of Term Breast Milk: A Pilot Randomized, Controlled Intervention Study.

RCTn = 44Nutrition

Pilot RCT investigating the effect of soy drink and decaffeinated black tea consumption on flavonoid content in breast milk. Soy drink consumption increased isoflavone content in breast milk, while black tea did not affect flavonoid concentrations. Total antioxidant capacity of breast milk was unaffected by both interventions.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2017·Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)·Marla Simone Jovenasso Manzoni, Elizeu Antonio Rossi, Nadiége Dourado Pauly-Silveira, et al

Consumption effect of a synbiotic beverage made from soy and yacon extracts containing Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12 on the intestinal polyamine concentrations in elderly individuals.

RCTn = 29Gut Health

This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial investigated the effect of a synbiotic beverage containing soy and yacon extracts with Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12 on intestinal polyamine concentrations in elderly individuals. The study found that both synbiotic and placebo beverages increased fecal polyamine levels without affecting inflammatory cytokine production.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2016·Nutrients·Daniela Cardoso Umbelino Cavallini, Marla Simone Jovenasso Manzoni, Raquel Bedani, et al

Probiotic Soy Product Supplemented with Isoflavones Improves the Lipid Profile of Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

RCTn = 49Heart Health

RCT investigating the effect of an isoflavone-supplemented probiotic soy product on cardiovascular risk markers in moderately hypercholesterolemic men. After 42 days, the isoflavone-supplemented group showed improved total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, and electronegative LDL concentrations, suggesting potential cardiovascular benefits.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2016·European journal of nutrition·Massimiliano Ruscica, Chiara Pavanello, Sara Gandini, et al

Effect of soy on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial.

RCTn = 26Heart Health Nutrition

RCT evaluating the effect of whole soy foods (30g/day soy protein) on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors over 12 weeks. Soy intervention reduced MetS features in 13/26 subjects and improved body weight, BMI, and lipid markers, indicating a positive impact on cardiovascular risk.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2012·BioMed research international·Alessandra Bitto, Bruce P Burnett, Francesca Polito, et al

The steady-state serum concentration of genistein aglycone is affected by formulation: a bioequivalence study of bone products.

RCTn = 30

An 8-day steady-state pharmacokinetic study compared the serum concentration of genistein from different formulations in healthy postmenopausal women. The study found that the prescription medical food and a clinically proven bone formulation were equivalent in genistein pharmacokinetics, while the OTC supplement showed altered absorption characteristics.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2010·European journal of clinical pharmacology·Yao Chen, Chang-Qiong Xiao, Yi-Jing He, et al

Genistein alters caffeine exposure in healthy female volunteers.

RCTn = 18

This study investigated the effect of 1 g genistein daily for 14 days on caffeine-based metrics of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, NAT2, and XO in 18 healthy female volunteers. Genistein decreased CYP1A2 and XO activity and increased CYP2A6 activity, while NAT2 activity did not change.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2009·The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·C M Weaver, B R Martin, G S Jackson, et al

Antiresorptive effects of phytoestrogen supplements compared with estradiol or risedronate in postmenopausal women using (41)Ca methodology.

RCTn = 11Joint Bone Health

This randomized-order, crossover, blinded trial in 11 healthy postmenopausal women compared the antiresorptive effects of isoflavones from soy cotyledon, soy germ, kudzu, and red clover with estradiol and risedronate. Soy isoflavones from cotyledon and germ significantly decreased net bone resorption by 9% and 5%, respectively, over a 50-day intervention period.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2008·Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology·Alina Vrieling, Matti A Rookus, Ellen Kampman, et al

No effect of red clover-derived isoflavone intervention on the insulin-like growth factor system in women at increased risk of colorectal cancer.

RCTn = 34

A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, crossover trial investigated the effect of 8-week supplementation with red clover-derived isoflavones on serum IGF system components in 34 postmenopausal women at increased risk of colorectal cancer. The study found no significant effect on serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBPs, or colorectal tissue mRNA expression of IGF system components.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2008·The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine·Shinichi Okamura, Yoshie Sawada, Teturou Satoh, et al

Pueraria mirifica phytoestrogens improve dyslipidemia in postmenopausal women probably by activating estrogen receptor subtypes.

RCTn = 19Heart Health

RCT examining the effects of Pueraria mirifica on serum lipid parameters in 19 postmenopausal women. The PM group showed significant improvements in HDL cholesterol, apo A-1, LDL cholesterol, and apo B levels, suggesting a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism potentially through activation of estrogen receptor subtypes.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2005·Alternative therapies in health and medicine·Daniel Lukaczer, Gary Darland, Matthew Tripp, et al

Clinical effects of a proprietary combination isoflavone nutritional supplement in menopausal women: a pilot trial.

RCTn = 25Womens Health Heart Health

Pilot trial assessing a nutritional supplement containing isoflavones from kudzu and red clover on menopausal symptoms and markers of breast cancer and CVD risk in 25 menopausal women. The supplement reduced hot flushes by 46% and improved quality of life, with modest improvements in CVD risk markers and a significant improvement in a breast cancer risk marker.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2005·European journal of clinical nutrition·S J Blakesmith, P M Lyons-Wall, G E Joannou, et al

Urinary isoflavonoid excretion is inversely associated with the ratio of protein to dietary fibre intake in young women.

RCTn = 25

The study examined urinary isoflavonoid excretion in premenopausal women during isoflavone supplementation. Isoflavone supplementation increased urinary isoflavonoid excretion by 15-fold, with individual variation partly explained by the interaction between dietary fibre and protein intake.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2003·Journal of clinical pharmacology·Gail D Anderson, Gina Rosito, Michael A Mohustsy, et al

Drug interaction potential of soy extract and Panax ginseng.

RCTn = 40

RCT investigating the effect of soy extract and Panax ginseng on CYP3A enzyme induction using the urinary 6-beta-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio. Neither significantly altered the ratio, suggesting they are not CYP3A inducers. In vitro studies showed soy extract had minimal inhibition of several CYPs and a trend of activation of CYP3A4, with hydrolyzed soy extract inhibiting CYP2C9 and CYP3A4.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2003·Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica·María Cinta García-Martínez, Carlos Hermenegildo, Juan J Tarín, et al

Phytoestrogens increase the capacity of serum to stimulate prostacyclin release in human endothelial cells.

RCTn = 25Heart Health

RCT involving 25 postmenopausal women receiving 55 mg/day isoflavones from soy and red clover for 6 months. Serum from treated women increased prostacyclin production in cultured endothelial cells, suggesting a potential cardiovascular benefit of phytoestrogens.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2002·Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland)·D M Ingram, C Hickling, L West, et al

A double-blind randomized controlled trial of isoflavones in the treatment of cyclical mastalgia.

RCTn = 18Womens Health

A double-blind randomized controlled trial tested isoflavones for cyclical mastalgia in 18 women. The study found that 40 mg and 80 mg doses of isoflavones significantly reduced pain compared to placebo, with reductions of 44% and 31% respectively.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2002·The Journal of nutrition·Nobuyo Tsunoda, Sylvia Pomeroy, Paul Nestel

Absorption in humans of isoflavones from soy and red clover is similar.

RCTn = 14

Single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in 14 subjects comparing absorption of isoflavones from soy and red clover. Approximately 25% of each isoflavone was recovered in urine, indicating similar absorption irrespective of their glycoside/aglycone nature or source composition.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2024·Advanced Materials·Chenchen Li, Xiyang Tan, Dashi Deng, et al

A Dopamine‐Modified Hyaluronic Acid‐Based Mucus Carrying Phytoestrogen and Urinary Exosome for Thin Endometrium Repair

Animal studyWomens Health

The study constructs an artificial mucus based on dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid combining phytoestrogen cajaninstilbene acid and rat urinary exosomes for thin endometrium treatment using a rat model. The treatment significantly increases endometrial thickness and promotes receptivity and fertility, demonstrating potential for TE treatment.

Semantic ScholarRead on Semantic Scholar
2019·Chemistry and physics of lipids·Carla Roberta Lopes de Azambuja Borges, Nichole Osti Silva, Marisa Raquel Rodrigues, et al

Dimiristoylphosphatidylcholine/ Genistein Molecular Interactions: a Physico-Chemical Approach to Anti-Glioma Drug Delivery Systems.

In vitroBrain Health

The study investigates the physico-chemical parameters of dimiristoylphosphatidylcholine liposome-loaded genistein for drug delivery to the central nervous system. It examines genistein's in vitro activity against DPPH radicals and glioma cells, highlighting its potential as an antioxidant and anti-glioma agent. The liposomal system showed higher stability and efficiency compared to free genistein.

Semantic ScholarRead on Semantic Scholar
2017·Biomolecules & Therapeutics·Jeong Tae Kim, S. Barua, Hyeongmin Kim, et al

Absorption Study of Genistein Using Solid Lipid Microparticles and Nanoparticles: Control of Oral Bioavailability by Particle Sizes

Animal study

The study investigated the effect of particle size on the dissolution behavior and oral bioavailability of genistein-loaded solid lipid microparticles and nanoparticles. Results showed increased drug dissolution rates and enhanced oral bioavailability in rats compared to genistein bulk powder and suspension, with microparticles showing greater bioavailability than nanoparticles.

Semantic ScholarRead on Semantic Scholar
2002·Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology·Renea A Jarred, Mohammad Keikha, Caroline Dowling, et al

Induction of apoptosis in low to moderate-grade human prostate carcinoma by red clover-derived dietary isoflavones.

Studyn = 38Mens Health

Nonrandomized, nonblinded trial with historically matched controls to assess the effects of red clover-derived dietary isoflavones on prostate cancer. 20 men consumed 160 mg/day of isoflavones before surgery. Apoptosis in prostate tumor cells was significantly higher in treated patients compared to controls, suggesting potential benefits in halting cancer progression.

PubMedRead on PubMed
2002·Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry·Takehito Miura, Lan Yuan, Buxiang Sun, et al

Isoflavone aglycon produced by culture of soybean extracts with basidiomycetes and its anti-angiogenic activity.

Animal study

The study assessed the anti-angiogenic effects of a cultivated product rich in genistein, named GCP, derived from soybean extracts cultured with Ganoderma lucidum mycelia. GCP showed greater inhibition of angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membranes and a mouse dorsal air-sac model compared to soybean extracts alone. Serum concentrations of genistein were significantly higher in volunteers treated with GCP.

PubMedRead on PubMed