Research
Procyanidin B2 (Apple Procyanidins)
12 peer-reviewed studies curated from PubMed and Semantic Scholar.
Studies
Sorted by quality and recency
Apple or apple polyphenol consumption improves cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effects of apple or apple polyphenol intake on cardiovascular disease risk factors. The analysis found that intake significantly increased high-density lipoprotein levels and decreased C-reactive protein levels, suggesting a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Monomeric Flavanols Are More Efficient Substrates for Gut Microbiota Conversion to Hydroxyphenyl-γ-Valerolactone Metabolites Than Oligomeric Procyanidins: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Human Intervention Trial.
A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial investigated the conversion of catechins and procyanidins to hydroxyphenyl-γ-valerolactones (HGVLs) by gut microbiota. The study found that monomeric catechins are efficiently converted to HGVLs, which are absorbed and excreted in urine, whereas oligomeric procyanidins are less efficiently converted.
Apple Polyphenols and Defecation in Overweight Adults with Constipation - A Randomized Controlled Trial.
RCT evaluating the effect of apple polyphenols on defecation in 24 overweight Japanese adults with constipation. The apple polyphenol group showed a significantly higher weekly defecation frequency compared to the placebo group after 12 weeks.
Annurca Apple Nutraceutical Formulation Enhances Keratin Expression in a Human Model of Skin and Promotes Hair Growth and Tropism in a Randomized Clinical Trial.
The study explored the effects of Annurca apple polyphenolic extract, AppleMets (AMS), on keratin expression in a human skin model and hair growth in healthy subjects. Significant improvements in hair growth, density, and keratin content were observed after 2 months, demonstrating the impact of apple procyanidin B2 as a nutraceutical.
Safety and efficacy of cocoa flavanol intake in healthy adults: a randomized, controlled, double-masked trial.
This study investigated the effects of cocoa flavanol intake on blood pressure, platelet function, and metabolic variables in healthy adults. Daily intake of up to 2000 mg cocoa flavanols for 12 weeks showed no significant changes in these measures compared to controls, and adverse events were mild and similar between groups.
Apple polyphenols influence cholesterol metabolism in healthy subjects with relatively high body mass index.
Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study on 71 moderately obese subjects evaluating 12-week intake of apple and hop bract polyphenols (600 mg/day). Apple polyphenols significantly decreased total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, improved visceral fat area, and increased adiponectin levels compared to control.
Urinary metabolites of French maritime pine bark extract in humans.
The study investigated the urinary metabolites of French maritime pine bark extract in humans after oral administration. Metabolites such as ferulic acid and taxifolin were detected, with peak excretion observed 2-3 hours after intake. Procyanidins were shown to be metabolized by humans, with metabolites excreted within 28-34 hours.
Grape seed tannin extract and polyunsaturated fatty acids affect in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production.
In vitro study using ruminal fluid from lactating Holstein Friesian cows to examine the effects of grape seed tannin extract and polyunsaturated fatty acids on ruminal fermentation and methane production. Results showed that grape seed tannin extract combined with polyunsaturated fatty acids can modulate ruminal biohydrogenation and reduce methane production, although high doses of tannins can decrease volatile fatty acid concentration.
A Review of Procyanidin: Updates on Current Bioactivities and Potential Health Benefits
Narrative review of procyanidin, a polyphenol found in various plants, summarizing its antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive properties. Procyanidin may protect against chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and immune-related diseases.
Host: Microbiome co-metabolic processing of dietary polyphenols - An acute, single blinded, cross-over study with different doses of apple polyphenols in healthy subjects.
This study investigated the nutrikinetics of apple polyphenols in a single blind controlled crossover study with 12 participants. It compared the bioavailability of polyphenols when consumed in natural versus polyphenol-enriched cloudy apple juice. The study found significant elevation of metabolites following intake of enriched juice and identified specific metabolic biomarkers of apple polyphenol intake.
Inhibitory effects of apple polyphenols and related compounds on cariogenic factors of mutans streptococci.
In vitro study examining the inhibitory effects of apple polyphenols (APP) on glucosyltransferases (GTF) activity of cariogenic streptococci. APP, particularly apple condensed tannins (ACT), inhibited GTF activity but did not affect bacterial growth. APP and ACT selectively inhibited bacterial GTF without significantly affecting salivary alpha-amylase.
The Effects of Different Degrees of Procyanidin Polymerization on the Nutrient Absorption and Digestive Enzyme Activity in Mice
Animal study examining the effects of proanthocyanidins with different degrees of polymerization on nutrient absorption and digestive enzyme activity in mice. High-polymer proanthocyanidins significantly reduced net body mass, food intake, enzyme activity, and nutrient digestibility compared to controls, while low-polymer proanthocyanidins had lesser effects.