Research
Potassium
52 peer-reviewed studies curated from PubMed and Semantic Scholar.
Studies
Sorted by quality and recency
Efficacy of a Salt Substitute on the Incidence of Hypertension: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.
Meta-analysis of four RCTs involving 1,430 participants comparing regular salt with a potassium-enriched salt substitute. The use of the salt substitute significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with hypertension.
Increasing the Potassium Level in Patients at High Risk for Ventricular Arrhythmias.
RCT in Denmark with 1200 participants at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias, comparing potassium supplementation and standard care. Increasing plasma potassium levels to high-normal range reduced risk of ICD therapy, unplanned hospitalization for arrhythmia or heart failure, or death compared to standard care.
Comparative Efficacy of Magnesium and Potassium Towards Cholesterol and Quality of Life in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised Single-Blinded Controlled Clinical Trial.
A randomised controlled trial with 290 T2DM patients comparing the effects of magnesium, potassium, and their combination on cholesterol levels and quality of life. Potassium supplementation led to the largest reduction in cholesterol levels, and both magnesium and potassium improved social quality of life.
Effects of potassium supplementation on plasma aldosterone: a systematic review and meta-analysis in humans.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials assessing the effects of potassium supplementation on plasma aldosterone and renin in adults. Potassium supplementation caused a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure and an increase in plasma aldosterone, with no increase in plasma renin activity.
Effect of Potassium Supplementation on Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies on potassium supplementation and endothelial function. Analysis of five studies with 332 participants showed potassium supplementation significantly increased flow-mediated dilation, indicating improved endothelial function. The effect was stronger with higher urinary potassium excretion.
The impact of baseline potassium intake on the dose-response relation between sodium reduction and blood pressure change: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 68 randomized trials involving 5708 participants examined the impact of baseline potassium intake on blood pressure response to sodium reduction. The study found no significant association between baseline potassium intake levels and blood pressure reduction achieved with sodium intake reduction, though higher starting blood pressure was associated with greater reduction.
Effects of a reduced-sodium added-potassium salt substitute on blood pressure in rural Indian hypertensive patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.
RCT of 502 hypertensive patients in rural India comparing a reduced-sodium, added-potassium salt substitute to regular salt. The salt substitute significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, increased urinary potassium excretion, and decreased the urinary sodium to potassium ratio.
Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the Salt Substitute in India Study (SSiIS): The protocol for a double‐blinded, randomized‐controlled trial
The Salt Substitute in India Study (SSiIS) is a double-blinded, randomized-controlled trial investigating the effects of reduced-sodium, added-potassium salt substitution on blood pressure among hypertensive patients in rural India. The study aims to assess effects on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, urinary sodium, and potassium levels, with 502 participants recruited and randomized.
Potassium Intake and Blood Pressure: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Meta-analysis exploring the dose-response relationship between potassium supplementation and blood pressure in randomized-controlled trials. A U-shaped relationship was observed, with BP reduction effects weakening above 30 mmol/d and BP increase above 80 mmol/d. The effects were stronger in participants with hypertension and high sodium intake.
Effect of Dietary Potassium Restriction on Serum Potassium, Disease Progression, and Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing low-potassium versus unrestricted potassium diets in adults with chronic kidney disease. Found very low-quality evidence that dietary potassium restriction reduces serum potassium and is associated with a reduced risk of mortality, but not significantly associated with disease progression.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials on the effects of potassium supplements on serum potassium and creatinine.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 20 trials (1216 participants) on the effects of oral potassium supplementation. Potassium supplementation caused a small but significant increase in circulating potassium levels and no change in circulating creatinine levels, indicating no impact on renal function.
Effect of potassium citrate supplement on stone recurrence before or after lithotripsy: systematic review and meta-analysis.
This meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of potassium citrate supplement in preventing nephrolithiasis recurrence in patients undergoing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL). Four studies with 374 participants were analyzed, showing that citrate supplement significantly reduced stone recurrence over 12 months post-SWL. The quality of studies was generally low, and further rigorous trials are recommended.
Citrate salts for preventing and treating calcium containing kidney stones in adults.
Meta-analysis of seven RCTs with 477 participants assessing citrate salts for preventing and treating calcium-containing kidney stones. Citrate therapy significantly reduced stone size and new stone formation compared to placebo or no intervention. Adverse events were more common in the citrate group, but not significantly so.
Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 RCTs and 11 cohort studies examining the effects of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease. Increased potassium intake reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults with hypertension and was associated with a 24% lower risk of stroke. No significant adverse effects on renal function, blood lipids, or catecholamine concentrations were observed.
Potassium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults.
This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in adults with primary hypertension. Six RCTs with a total of 483 participants were included. The analysis found no statistically significant effect of potassium supplementation on systolic or diastolic blood pressure. The authors concluded that further high-quality RCTs are needed to clarify the potential benefits of potassium supplementation.
Oral alkalinizing supplementation suppressed intrarenal reactive oxidative stress in mild-stage chronic kidney disease: a randomized cohort study.
Randomized cohort study of 101 CKD patients comparing sodium bicarbonate and potassium citrate/sodium citrate supplementation. Potassium citrate/sodium citrate reduced proteinuria and oxidative stress, while sodium bicarbonate increased proteinuria.
Efficacy of Potassium Supplementation in Hypokalemic Patients Receiving Peritoneal Dialysis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
RCT of 167 hypokalemic patients on peritoneal dialysis comparing protocol-based potassium supplementation to conventional reactive supplementation over 52 weeks. Protocol-based treatment increased serum potassium levels and significantly extended time to first peritonitis episode, but did not significantly affect secondary outcomes like mortality or hospitalization.
Potassium intake is associated with nutritional quality and actual diet cost: a study at formulating a low sodium high potassium (LSHP) healthy diet.
This randomized controlled-feeding trial formulated low sodium high potassium (LSHP) healthy diet menus and compared them with usual diets to assess the association of potassium intake with nutritional quality and diet cost. The LSHP diet had higher carbohydrate, protein, fibre, magnesium, calcium, vitamin C, potassium density, and diet cost but lower total fat, saturated fat, and energy density than the usual diet. There was a strong positive correlation between fibre, potassium, and diet cost.
Rationale and Design of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial Assessing the Renoprotective Effects of Potassium Supplementation in Chronic Kidney Disease
The K+ in CKD study is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial assessing the renoprotective effects of potassium supplementation in 399 patients with hypertension and chronic kidney disease. The study aims to determine if potassium supplementation improves renal outcomes and other health markers over 2 years.
Association of serum potassium concentration with mortality and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 studies examining the association of serum potassium concentration with mortality and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Findings suggest increased mortality risks with serum potassium concentrations of <3.5 mEq/L, 4.5-<5.0 mEq/L, and ≥5.0 mEq/L, and an association of <3.5 mEq/L with ventricular arrhythmias.
Potassium and Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Epidemiological Evidence.
Systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the associations between potassium intake and obesity/metabolic syndrome. High potassium intake was not significantly associated with reduced obesity risk but was associated with metabolic syndrome. Nonlinear analysis suggested a protective effect of adequate potassium intake.
Potassium kinetics during hemodialysis.
The study evaluated potassium kinetics during hemodialysis using a pseudo one-compartment model in 551 patients. It found that potassium mobilization clearance (K(M)) was independent of dialysate potassium concentration, while predialysis central distribution volume (V(pre)) was lower at higher dialysate potassium concentrations.
Effect of potassium citrate supplementation or increased fruit and vegetable intake on bone metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.
RCT in 276 postmenopausal women comparing high-dose and low-dose potassium citrate supplementation, placebo, and increased fruit and vegetable intake on bone turnover over 2 years. Potassium citrate supplementation did not reduce bone turnover or increase bone mineral density, suggesting no long-term benefit on bone health.
Natriuretic response to an acute oral potassium load in healthy individuals and patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial.
This randomized controlled trial investigated the natriuretic response to an acute oral potassium load in 18 healthy individuals and 9 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The study found that urinary sodium excretion increased in healthy individuals but not in CKD patients after potassium supplementation. Plasma potassium levels were higher in CKD patients, indicating a risk of hyperkalaemia with potassium loading.
Postprandial Vascular Effects of a High Potassium Meal in Patients with Treated Hypertension.
Investigator-blinded randomized crossover trial in 33 treated hypertensive individuals to assess the effect of a high potassium meal on postprandial endothelial function. The study found no significant improvement in vascular function as measured by flow-mediated dilatation after a single high potassium meal compared to a low potassium meal.
Kaliuresis and Intracellular Uptake of Potassium with Potassium Citrate and Potassium Chloride Supplements: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
This randomized controlled trial studied the acute effects of potassium citrate and potassium chloride supplements on intracellular potassium uptake and kaliuresis in 18 healthy individuals. The study found that red blood cell potassium uptake and kaliuresis were higher after potassium citrate compared to potassium chloride, with similar plasma potassium increases across interventions.
Short-Term RCT of Increased Dietary Potassium from Potato or Potassium Gluconate: Effect on Blood Pressure, Microcirculation, and Potassium and Sodium Retention in Pre-Hypertensive-to-Hypertensive Adults.
Short-term RCT assessing increased dietary potassium intake through potatoes, French fries, or potassium gluconate supplements in 30 pre-hypertensive-to-hypertensive adults. No significant differences in blood pressure or endothelial function among treatments, but baked/boiled potatoes showed a greater reduction in systolic blood pressure compared to control. Potassium retention was highest with supplements.
Short-Term Supplemental Dietary Potassium from Potato and Potassium Gluconate: Effect on Calcium Retention and Urinary pH in Pre-Hypertensive-to-Hypertensive Adults.
This study assessed the effects of potassium intake from potato sources and potassium gluconate supplementation on urinary calcium excretion, urine pH, and calcium balance in pre-hypertensive-to-hypertensive adults. Potassium gluconate supplementation significantly reduced urinary calcium excretion and increased urinary pH compared to control and potato phases.
The effects of potassium and magnesium supplementations on urinary risk factors of renal stone patients.
RCT studying the effects of potassium and magnesium supplementation on urinary risk factors in 61 renal stone patients. Potassium magnesium citrate supplementation increased urinary pH, potassium, citrate, and magnesium, while decreasing calcium excretions, showing the best results in lowering stone risk factors.
Diuretics, serum and intracellular electrolyte levels, and ventricular arrhythmias in hypertensive men.
RCT investigating electrolyte abnormalities from thiazide administration and their effect on ventricular arrhythmias in 233 hypertensive men. Potassium and magnesium supplementation prevented marked hypokalemia but did not affect overall ventricular arrhythmia rates.
The Effect of Salt Intake and Potassium Supplementation on Serum Gastrin Levels in Chinese Adults: A Randomized Trial.
Randomized trial assessing the effects of altered salt and potassium supplementation on serum gastrin levels in 44 Chinese adults. High-salt intake increased serum gastrin levels, which was alleviated by potassium supplementation. Serum gastrin was positively correlated with urinary sodium excretion and negatively correlated with blood pressure.
Bioavailability of potassium from potatoes and potassium gluconate: a randomized dose response trial.
A single-blind, crossover, randomized controlled trial with 35 healthy participants compared the bioavailability and dose response of potassium from nonfried white potatoes, French fries, and potassium gluconate supplements. The study found that the bioavailability of potassium is as high from potatoes as from potassium gluconate supplements, with no significant differences in blood pressure or augmentation index changes.
Effect of sodium and potassium supplementation on vascular and endothelial function: a randomized controlled trial.
RCT with 39 healthy, normotensive volunteers testing the effect of high potassium and high sodium on postprandial endothelial function. The addition of potassium to a high-sodium meal attenuated the sodium-induced postmeal reduction in endothelial function as assessed by FMD.
Effects of sodium and potassium supplementation on blood pressure and arterial stiffness: a fully controlled dietary intervention study.
Randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study on sodium and potassium supplementation effects on blood pressure and arterial stiffness in untreated (pre)hypertensive individuals. Sodium increased blood pressure significantly, while potassium reduced 24-hour blood pressure. Arterial stiffness was not significantly affected by either supplementation.
Effect of short-term supplementation of potassium chloride and potassium citrate on blood pressure in hypertensives.
Randomized crossover trial comparing potassium chloride and potassium citrate supplementation (96 mmol/d, each for 1 week) in 14 hypertensive individuals. Both forms of potassium significantly lowered blood pressure compared to baseline, with no significant difference between the two forms.
Muscle potassium content and potassium gluconate supplementation in normokalemic cats with naturally occurring chronic renal failure.
RCT evaluating muscle potassium content and potassium gluconate supplementation in normokalemic cats with chronic renal failure. Muscle potassium content increased in both potassium gluconate and placebo groups over 6 months, with no significant differences in GFR and ERPF changes between groups.
Combinations of potassium, calcium, and magnesium supplements in hypertension.
RCT of 125 patients with untreated mild or borderline hypertension testing combinations of potassium, calcium, and magnesium supplements. The study found no significant differences in blood pressure changes between the treatment and placebo groups, suggesting little evidence of an important role for these combinations in treating hypertension.
Adequacy of twice daily dosing with potassium chloride and spironolactone in thiazide treated hypertensive patients.
RCT examining the effects of potassium chloride and spironolactone on plasma potassium concentration in hypertensive patients taking bendrofluazide. Potassium chloride increased peak plasma potassium concentration and urine potassium excretion compared to placebo. Spironolactone also increased peak plasma potassium concentration. Both substances showed similar efficacy in maintaining plasma potassium levels over 12 hours.
Diuretics, potassium and arrhythmias in hypertensive coronary disease.
RCT comparing the effects of a potassium-conserving diuretic (amiloride) and a potassium-losing diuretic (chlorthalidone) on myocardial electrical excitability in patients with mild essential hypertension and coronary artery disease. The chlorthalidone phase was associated with increased frequency of ventricular ectopic beats and electrical instability, suggesting that potassium-losing diuretics can increase myocardial electrical excitability.
Safety and effects of potassium- and magnesium-containing low sodium salt mixtures.
RCT examining the safety and effects of replacing NaCl with potassium and magnesium salts in 41 elderly hospitalized patients and 85 drug-treated outpatients. The Na+-K+-Mg2+ salt was well accepted, with no metabolic side effects, and was associated with a fall in blood pressure, a rise in serum magnesium and potassium, a fall in fasting blood glucose levels, and improved oral glucose tolerance.
Low-sodium, high-potassium diet: feasibility and acceptability in a normotensive population.
An eight-week study with 69 normotensive volunteers tested the feasibility and acceptability of low-sodium, high-potassium diets. The diets differed in the use of KCl salt substitute. Both groups reduced sodium and increased potassium intake compared to control, but KCl was not used as recommended, suggesting its unacceptability.
Potassium mediates coordination of leaf photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance by modifications of leaf anatomy.
The study investigates the effects of potassium deficiency on leaf photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance in monocots and dicots. It finds that potassium starvation leads to decreased photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance, with different anatomical adaptations in monocots and dicots to manage hydraulic resistance.
Effect of potassium-magnesium citrate on upper gastrointestinal mucosa.
A randomized, double-blind study evaluated the effect of potassium-magnesium citrate (K-Mag) on upper gastrointestinal mucosa in 36 healthy adults, comparing it to potassium citrate (Urocit-K) and placebo. No significant differences in mucosal lesions were found among the groups, indicating that short-term use of K-Mag does not induce lesions and has similar oral tolerance to Urocit-K or placebo.
Potassium intake and cardiovascular reactivity in children with risk factors for essential hypertension.
RCT studying the effect of potassium citrate supplementation on cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) in children with risk factors for hypertension. White children had higher baseline potassium excretion and vegetable intake than black children. Potassium supplementation did not measurably attenuate CVR compared to placebo. CVR was greater in children with a family history of hypertension.
Bioavailability of potassium and magnesium, and citraturic response from potassium-magnesium citrate.
The study assessed the bioavailability of potassium and magnesium, and the citraturic response from potassium-magnesium citrate in 14 normal volunteers. Potassium-magnesium citrate provided equivalent potassium and magnesium bioavailability compared to potassium citrate and magnesium citrate, respectively, and resulted in the highest citraturic response.
Comparison of potassium alone and potassium-magnesium supplementation in patients with heart failure using hydrochlorothiazide.
RCT comparing potassium alone and potassium-magnesium supplementation in 10 patients with chronic compensated heart failure on hydrochlorothiazide. Combined supplementation increased serum potassium and magnesium concentrations significantly in the first 2 weeks, but the effect was less clear after 6 weeks, with a trend toward better maintenance of serum potassium.
Controlled trial of long term oral potassium supplements in patients with mild hypertension.
A 15-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oral potassium supplements (48 mmol daily) in 37 patients with mild hypertension. The potassium group showed a significant reduction in blood pressure compared to placebo, with maximum effect at 15 weeks. Urinary potassium excretion increased significantly in the potassium group.
A study of two diuretic/potassium combinations in heart failure.
The study examined the effect of potassium supplements in 28 patients on long-term frusemide therapy. Plasma potassium levels fell when supplements were stopped and rose towards prior values with the potassium/frusemide combination, Diumide K. In a crossover study with 14 patients, plasma potassium was lower on frusemide than on bumetanide, but rose significantly with Diumide K and Burinex K, though not to prior levels. Small doses of potassium in combined formulations effectively counter mild hypokalaemia caused by loop diuretics.
Randomised double-blind cross-over trial of potassium on blood-pressure in normal subjects.
A randomised double-blind cross-over study in 20 young healthy males showed that increased oral potassium intake significantly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared to placebo. The mean diastolic pressure was reduced by 2.4 mm Hg during potassium supplementation.
Effect of physical activity on human potassium metabolism in a hot and humid environment.
Study on potassium metabolism in long-distance runners training in hot and humid environments. Liquid supplements with varying potassium concentrations were given before physical activity. The 98 mEq/liter potassium supplement resulted in a positive potassium balance, indicating higher potassium requirements than the suggested dietary intake.
Why Your Mother Was Right: How Potassium Intake Reduces Blood Pressure.
The study investigates how low potassium intake, common in Western diets, increases blood pressure by activating the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter in the kidney. Animal studies and human urinary exosome analysis suggest that increasing potassium intake can mitigate the effects of high-salt diets on blood pressure.
A man with a worrying potassium deficiency
Case report of a 43-year-old man with hypokalaemia, diagnosed with Gitelman's syndrome, a rare renal tubular disorder. Treatment involves long-term potassium and magnesium salt replacement. The report emphasizes the need for further investigation in recurrent hypokalaemic episodes.