Research
Magnesium Oxide
62 peer-reviewed studies curated from PubMed and Semantic Scholar.
Studies
Sorted by quality and recency
Effect of add-on naldemedine treatment in patients with cancer and opioid-induced constipation insufficiently responding to magnesium oxide: a pooled, subgroup analysis of two randomized controlled trials.
Pooled subgroup analysis of two RCTs evaluating the additive effect of naldemedine on opioid-induced constipation in cancer patients insufficiently responding to magnesium oxide. Naldemedine significantly improved bowel movement responder rates compared to placebo, but also increased adverse events.
Cost-utility analysis of treatment strategies for chronic constipation in Japan.
Cost-utility analysis of nine treatment strategies for chronic constipation in Japan, using a Markov model to estimate costs and outcomes. The lubiprostone-elobixibat-PEG formulation strategy showed the most favorable cost-effectiveness profile compared to magnesium oxide (MgO) and other treatments.
Pharmacological prevention and treatment of opioid-induced constipation in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated pharmacological strategies for preventing and treating opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in cancer patients. Magnesium oxide showed significant benefit for prevention compared to no laxative. Naldemedine and methylnaltrexone were effective for treating OIC compared to placebo, with acceptable adverse events.
The effect of food, vitamin, or mineral supplements on chronic constipation in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs investigating the effect of food, vitamin, or mineral supplements on chronic constipation in adults. Magnesium oxide supplements were found to be effective at improving stool frequency and consistency, while senna and kiwifruit supplements did not significantly impact symptoms.
Evidence-based treatment recommendations for OTC management of chronic constipation.
Systematic review of 41 RCTs on OTC treatments for chronic constipation. Polyethylene glycol and senna were supported by strong evidence as first-line laxatives. Other agents like bisacodyl, sodium picosulfate, fiber, fruit-based laxatives, and magnesium oxide had modest evidence. OTC products were generally well tolerated.
Effectiveness of Naldemedine Compared with Magnesium Oxide in Preventing Opioid-Induced Constipation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
RCT comparing magnesium oxide with naldemedine in preventing opioid-induced constipation in 120 cancer patients. Naldemedine significantly prevented deterioration in constipation-specific quality of life and increased complete spontaneous bowel movement rate compared to magnesium oxide.
Effect of oral magnesium supplement on cardiometabolic markers in people with prediabetes: a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial.
A 12-week double-blind placebo-controlled RCT on 86 people with prediabetes evaluated the effect of magnesium oxide supplementation on cardiometabolic markers. Magnesium supplementation increased HDL-cholesterol levels but did not significantly affect other cardiometabolic markers such as HOMA-IR index, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, C-reactive protein, anthropometric indices, or blood pressure.
Senna Versus Magnesium Oxide for the Treatment of Chronic Constipation: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
This randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of senna and magnesium oxide (MgO) for treating chronic idiopathic constipation in 90 patients. Both senna and MgO significantly improved bowel movement frequency and quality of life scores compared to placebo, with no severe treatment-related adverse events reported.
Circulating Ionized Magnesium: Comparisons with Circulating Total Magnesium and the Response to Magnesium Supplementation in a Randomized Controlled Trial
This double-blind pilot RCT tested the effect of oral magnesium supplementation (400 mg/day, Mg Oxide) on ionized magnesium (iMg) concentrations compared to placebo in 59 participants over 10 weeks. The study found that magnesium supplementation increased iMg concentrations, suggesting potential nutritional benefits.
Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Circulating Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease.
Double-blind RCT with 52 participants evaluating the effect of 400 mg/day magnesium oxide supplementation on circulating biomarkers of cardiovascular disease over 10 weeks. No statistically significant changes in protein levels were observed between the magnesium and placebo groups after correction for multiple comparisons.
North Central Cancer Treatment Group N10C2 (Alliance): a double-blind placebo-controlled study of magnesium supplements to reduce menopausal hot flashes.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT tested magnesium oxide (800 or 1,200 mg daily) against placebo in postmenopausal women with a history of breast cancer experiencing hot flashes. The study found no significant difference in hot flash scores or frequencies between magnesium and placebo groups, though magnesium was associated with increased diarrhea and decreased constipation.
Prospective, randomized comparison of same-day dose of 2 different bowel cleanser for afternoon colonoscopy: picosulfate, magnesium oxide, and citric acid versus polyethylene glycol.
RCT comparing bowel-cleansing efficacy and patient tolerability of sodium picosulfate, magnesium oxide, and citric acid (PM/Ca) versus polyethylene glycol (PEG) for afternoon colonoscopy. The bowel-cleansing scores did not differ significantly between groups, but ease of use was superior in the PM/Ca group. Patients preferred PM/Ca.
Efficacy of a simethicone, activated charcoal and magnesium oxide combination (Carbosymag®) in functional dyspepsia: results of a general practice-based randomized trial.
RCT evaluating the efficacy of Carbosymag (simethicone, activated charcoal, and magnesium oxide) in 276 patients with functional dyspepsia. The Carbosymag group showed significantly lower overall dyspeptic symptom intensity compared to placebo, with improvements in post-prandial fullness, epigastric pain, epigastric burning, and abdominal bloating.
Split-dose picosulfate, magnesium oxide, and citric acid solution markedly enhances colon cleansing before colonoscopy: a randomized, controlled trial.
RCT comparing split-dose versus traditional dosing of picosulfate, magnesium oxide, and citric acid solution for colon cleansing before colonoscopy in 236 patients. The split-dose regimen significantly improved bowel cleansing efficacy, particularly in the right-sided colon, with no safety issues identified.
The Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Profiles in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Randomized Clinical Trial.
This triple-blind randomized clinical trial assessed the effects of magnesium oxide supplementation on insulin resistance and metabolic profiles in women with PCOS. The study found significant reductions in serum insulin levels and insulin resistance, as well as improvements in lipid profiles and fasting blood sugar in the magnesium group compared to placebo.
Comparative study between manitol and sodium picosulfate with magnesium oxide solutions in the preparation for colonoscopy.
Prospective, randomized, double-blind study comparing Mannitol and sodium picosulfate with magnesium oxide solutions for bowel preparation in colonoscopy patients. Both protocols showed good efficiency, but Mannitol had more side effects like vomiting and sleep impairment. Sodium picosulfate with magnesium oxide was easier to ingest.
A Randomized Trial of Magnesium Oxide and Oral Carbon Adsorbent for Coronary Artery Calcification in Predialysis CKD.
A 2-year open-label RCT assessed magnesium oxide (MgO) and AST-120 for coronary artery calcification (CAC) in stage 3-4 CKD patients. MgO significantly slowed CAC progression compared to control, with a smaller median change in CAC score and fewer patients with high annualized percentage change. MgO did not affect thoracic aorta calcification and had a higher dropout rate due to diarrhea. AST-120 showed no significant effect.
Proteinuria-associated renal magnesium wasting leads to hypomagnesemia: a common electrolyte abnormality in chronic kidney disease.
Cross-sectional study and RCT in CKD patients examining electrolyte abnormalities, focusing on hypomagnesemia. The RCT compared magnesium oxide supplementation to control, finding that proteinuria leads to renal magnesium wasting, affecting serum magnesium levels.
Effects of magnesium supplementation on carotid intima–media thickness and metabolic profiles in diabetic haemodialysis patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the effects of magnesium supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness and metabolic profiles in 54 diabetic haemodialysis patients. Magnesium supplementation significantly improved carotid intima-media thickness, insulin metabolism, HbA1c, cholesterol levels, hs-CRP, and antioxidant capacity compared to placebo over 24 weeks.
A Pilot Randomized Trial of Oral Magnesium Supplementation on Supraventricular Arrhythmias.
A double-blind pilot randomized trial assessed adherence to oral magnesium supplementation (400 mg of magnesium oxide daily) versus placebo in 59 participants. The study found a significant increase in magnesium concentrations in the supplement group but no difference in premature atrial contractions, glucose, or blood pressure. Gastrointestinal changes were more common in the magnesium group.
Oral magnesium supplementation reduces the incidence of gastrointestinal complications following cardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial.
RCT of 102 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery, comparing oral magnesium supplementation to control. Magnesium supplementation reduced postoperative complications such as atrial fibrillation, nausea, vomiting, and constipation.
Effect of Magnesium Oxide Supplementation on Nocturnal Leg Cramps: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to assess the effect of magnesium oxide on nocturnal leg cramps (NLC) in older adults. The study found no significant difference between magnesium oxide and placebo in reducing the frequency, severity, or duration of NLC, nor in improving quality of life or sleep.
Magnesium Supplementation and the Effects on Wound Healing and Metabolic Status in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the effects of magnesium oxide supplementation on wound healing and metabolic status in 70 subjects with diabetic foot ulcer. Magnesium supplementation significantly improved serum magnesium levels, reduced ulcer size, improved glucose metabolism, decreased serum hs-CRP, and increased plasma total antioxidant capacity compared to placebo.
Effect of Magnesium Supplements on Insulin Secretion After Kidney Transplantation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
RCT assessing magnesium oxide supplementation in hypomagnesemic kidney transplant recipients on tacrolimus. The study found no significant differences in insulin secretion, fasting glucose, HbA1c, or insulin resistance between the magnesium and control groups. Persisting hypomagnesemia was linked to impaired glucose tolerance and insulin hypo-secretion.
Effect of Oral Magnesium Oxide Supplementation on Cisplatin-Induced Hypomagnesemia in Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
RCT evaluating oral magnesium oxide supplementation on cisplatin-induced hypomagnesemia in 62 cancer patients. The intervention group showed a significant reduction in the decline of serum magnesium levels and a lower prevalence of hypomagnesemia compared to controls.
Effect of magnesium supplementation on depression status in depressed patients with magnesium deficiency: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
RCT of 60 depressed patients with magnesium deficiency comparing 500 mg daily magnesium oxide supplementation to placebo for 8 weeks. The magnesium group showed significant improvements in depression status and serum magnesium levels compared to placebo.
MAGnesium-oral supplementation to reduce PAin in patients with severe PERipheral arterial occlusive disease: the MAG-PAPER randomised clinical trial protocol.
This is a protocol for a single-centre randomised double-blind clinical trial assessing the efficacy of oral magnesium supplementation in controlling severe pain in patients with advanced peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD). The trial will compare standard therapy plus placebo to standard therapy plus magnesium oxide, with a primary outcome of oxycodone dosage needed to achieve satisfactory analgesia on day 14.
Retracted: Magnesium supplementation affects metabolic status and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 70 women with gestational diabetes assessed the effects of magnesium supplementation on metabolic status and pregnancy outcomes. Magnesium supplementation improved fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin concentration, insulin resistance, and pregnancy outcomes, including lower incidence of newborn hyperbilirubinemia and hospitalization.
The effect of magnesium supplements on early post-transplantation glucose metabolism: a randomized controlled trial.
RCT assessing the effect of oral magnesium oxide on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in post-kidney transplantation patients with hypomagnesemia. Magnesium supplementation modestly improved fasting glycemia but had no effect on insulin resistance.
A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial with magnesium oxide to reduce intrafraction prostate motion for prostate cancer radiotherapy.
Double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT investigating magnesium oxide's effect on intrafraction prostate motion during radiotherapy in prostate cancer patients. No significant difference was found between magnesium oxide and placebo groups in reducing prostate motion. Exploratory analyses showed a trend towards worsened quality of life and slightly more toxicity in the magnesium oxide arm, but these were not statistically significant.
Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in normo-magnesemic nondiabetic overweight Korean adults.
Double-blinded, placebo-controlled RCT of 155 normo-magnesemic nondiabetic overweight adults receiving 300 mg of elemental magnesium as magnesium oxide or placebo for 12 weeks. No significant differences in insulin sensitivity or BP were observed overall, but magnesium lowered BP in subjects with higher baseline BP.
Effect of laxatives on gastrointestinal functional recovery in fast-track hysterectomy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study.
Double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT of 53 women undergoing fast-track abdominal hysterectomy, comparing early oral bowel stimulation with osmotic laxatives (magnesium oxide + disodium phosphate) to placebo. The laxative group had a significantly shorter time to first postoperative defecation, but no significant differences in pain scores, PONV, or use of morphine/antiemetics.
Oral magnesium oxide prophylaxis of frequent migrainous headache in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
RCT assessing oral magnesium oxide for reducing migrainous headache frequency and severity in children. The magnesium oxide group showed a statistically significant decrease in headache frequency and severity compared to placebo, though the difference in frequency reduction was not statistically significant between groups.
Use of cisapride with magnesium oxide in chronic pediatric constipation.
This study investigated the effect of cisapride combined with magnesium oxide (MgO) in treating pediatric constipation. 84 children with chronic constipation were enrolled, and those treated with cisapride and MgO showed improved stool passage frequency compared to MgO alone after 4 weeks.
Magnesium oxide augmentation of verapamil maintenance therapy in mania.
RCT comparing the antimanic effects of a verapamil-magnesium oxide combination with a verapamil-placebo combination in patients pretreated with verapamil. The V-M combination was significantly more effective in reducing manic symptoms and increased serum magnesium levels.
A Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial on the Effect of Magnesium Oxide in Patients With Chronic Constipation
A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial evaluated the effects of magnesium oxide (MgO) in 34 female patients with chronic constipation. MgO significantly improved spontaneous bowel movements, stool form, colonic transit time, and quality of life compared to placebo.
Magnesium Deficiency and Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy among Patients with Compensated Liver Cirrhosis.
RCT assessing the correlation between magnesium levels and minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis. The study found that magnesium deficiency is common and associated with cognitive impairment, suggesting magnesium's involvement in the pathophysiology of minimal hepatic encephalopathy.
Efficacy and tolerability of magnesium plus protein for managing hypomagnesemia in pediatric kidney transplant patients.
RCT investigating magnesium oxide bound to soy protein (MGP) for managing hypomagnesemia in pediatric kidney transplant patients. Mean serum magnesium levels increased significantly with MGP compared to standard magnesium salts, with subjects reporting looser but tolerable bowel movements.
Comparison of magnesium status using X-ray dispersion analysis following magnesium oxide and magnesium citrate treatment of healthy subjects.
Randomized, prospective, double-blind, crossover study comparing the effects of magnesium oxide and magnesium citrate on intracellular magnesium levels and platelet function in 41 healthy subjects. Magnesium oxide significantly increased intracellular magnesium levels and reduced total and LDL cholesterol compared to magnesium citrate, while both treatments similarly inhibited platelet aggregation.
Impact of concomitant antacid administration on gabapentin plasma exposure and oral bioavailability in healthy adult subjects.
Open-label, randomized, 3-period crossover study evaluating the impact of concomitant antacid administration on gabapentin plasma exposure and oral bioavailability in 13 healthy adults. Magnesium oxide significantly decreased gabapentin exposure by reducing intestinal absorption, while omeprazole had no significant effect.
A pilot phase II trial of magnesium supplements to reduce menopausal hot flashes in breast cancer patients.
Pilot phase II trial of magnesium oxide supplements in breast cancer patients experiencing menopausal hot flashes. Of 29 enrolled, 25 completed treatment, showing a 41.4% reduction in hot flash frequency and a 50.4% reduction in hot flash score. Side effects were minor, and compliance was excellent.
Acute and chronic oral magnesium supplementation: effects on endothelial function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in patients with symptomatic heart failure.
RCT of 22 symptomatic chronic heart failure patients receiving 800 mg oral magnesium oxide daily or placebo for 3 months. Magnesium improved small arterial compliance at 3 months compared with placebo, suggesting potential benefits for endothelial function in heart failure patients.
Changes in urinary parameters after oral administration of potassium-sodium citrate and magnesium oxide to prevent urolithiasis.
RCT examining urinary parameters in 25 normal individuals and 14 patients with calcium oxalate stones after administration of potassium-sodium citrate and magnesium oxide. The combination increased citrate, magnesium, and potassium excretion and decreased oxalate levels, effectively inhibiting CaOx stone crystallization.
Beneficial antithrombotic effects of the association of pharmacological oral magnesium therapy with aspirin in coronary heart disease patients.
RCT of 42 stable CAD patients on aspirin, testing oral magnesium oxide (800-1,200 mg/day) vs placebo for 3 months. Magnesium significantly reduced platelet-dependent thrombosis by 35% compared to placebo, independent of platelet aggregation or P-selectin expression.
The effect of magnesium supplementation in increasing doses on the control of type 2 diabetes.
This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial studied the effect of magnesium oxide supplementation on metabolic control in 128 patients with type 2 diabetes. While magnesium supplementation increased plasma, cellular, and urine magnesium levels, significant improvement in glycemic control was only observed with the higher dose of 41.4 mmol Mg, as indicated by a reduction in fructosamine levels.
Effects of magnesium oxide on the lipid profile of healthy volunteers.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study with 50 healthy volunteers tested the effects of magnesium oxide supplementation on lipid profiles. The study found no statistically significant changes in lipid profiles after magnesium oxide supplementation.
Pyrophosphate levels and magnesium oxide therapy in osteogenesis imperfecta.
RCT involving 52 patients with osteogenesis imperfecta to assess the effect of oral magnesium oxide on serum pyrophosphate levels and clinical course. Neither magnesium oxide nor placebo affected serum pyrophosphate levels or clinical outcomes.
Novel CTAB-Assisted Synthesis of MgO Nanoparticles from Piper longum Leaves: Structural Insights and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis with Bioactivity Evaluation.
The study reports the bio-synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles using Piper longum leaf extract. The nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and demonstrated antioxidant activity, suggesting potential biomedical applications.
A Comparison of Marine and Non-Marine Magnesium Sources for Bioavailability and Modulation of TRPM6/TRPM7 Gene Expression in a Caco-2 Epithelial Cell Model.
The study compared the bioavailability of magnesium from different sources, including Aquamin Mg Soluble, magnesium oxide, and magnesium bisglycinate, using a Caco-2 cell model. Aquamin Mg Soluble showed significantly higher bioavailability compared to magnesium bisglycinate 2 when digested with food. TRPM6 gene expression was significantly downregulated in Caco-2 monolayers exposed to Aquamin Mg Soluble.
Co-administration of Magnesium Oxide Reduces the Serum Concentration of Hydrophobic Basic Drugs in Patients Treated with Antipsychotic Drugs.
The study investigated the effect of magnesium oxide (MgO) administration on the serum concentration of antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia. It found that as the MgO dose increased, the concentration of risperidone decreased, suggesting that MgO co-administration may suppress the absorption of basic drugs due to increased stomach pH.
Interaction of magnesium oxide with gastric acid secretion inhibitors in clinical pharmacotherapy.
The study evaluated the interaction of magnesium oxide (MgO) with gastric acid secretion inhibitors using electronic patient records. It found that the laxative effect of MgO is decreased in patients taking H2 receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors, likely due to reduced solubility at higher gastric pH. Higher MgO dosing or alternative laxatives are recommended for these patients.
Serum free fatty acid levels in PCOS patients treated with glucophage, magnesium oxide and spironolactone.
RCT assessing the effect of glucophage, magnesium oxide, and spironolactone on free fatty acids (FFAs) in 36 PCOS women. FFA levels were unchanged in the groups treated with glucophage and magnesium oxide but significantly decreased in the group treated with spironolactone.
Oral magnesium supplementation inhibits platelet-dependent thrombosis in patients with coronary artery disease.
RCT of 42 patients with coronary artery disease assessing the effect of oral magnesium oxide supplementation on platelet-dependent thrombosis. Magnesium treatment significantly reduced PDT by 35% compared to placebo, independent of platelet aggregation or P-selectin expression.
Oral physiological magnesium supplementation for 6 weeks with 1 g/d magnesium oxide does not affect increased Lp(a) levels in hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
RCT of 20 hyperlipidaemic patients treated with 1000 mg magnesium oxide per day for 6 weeks. Serum magnesium levels increased slightly, but serum apo(a) concentrations were not affected. Serum cholesterol increased slightly due to an increase in LDL-cholesterol, which returned to pretreatment levels after washout.
Comparative effects of a Mg-enriched diet and different orally administered magnesium oxide preparations on ionized Mg, Mg metabolism and electrolytes in serum of human volunteers.
A randomized, triple cross-over study on 18 male volunteers assessed the effects of a Mg-enriched diet and different Mg oxide preparations on serum ionized Mg and other cations. The study found significant elevations in serum ionized Mg and % ionized Mg with Mg-enriched diets, but not with Mg oxide preparations.
Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection.
Double-blind, randomized crossover trial comparing the bioavailability of 26Mg-labeled magnesium diglycinate and magnesium oxide in 12 patients with ileal resections. Magnesium diglycinate showed greater absorption in patients with impaired magnesium absorption and was better tolerated. Peak isotope enrichment occurred earlier and the area under the enrichment vs time curve was greater for magnesium diglycinate.
Treatment of hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia with magnesium.
RCT of 17 patients with hypercholesterolaemia and/or hypertriglyceridaemia receiving 3 g magnesium oxide daily for six weeks. No effect was observed on serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels.
Biopolymer Chitosan Surface Engineering with Magnesium Oxide-Pluronic-F127-Escin Nanoparticles on Human Breast Carcinoma Cell Line and Microbial Strains
The study synthesized and characterized green magnesium oxide-chitosan-pluronic F127-escin nanoparticles (MCsPFE NPs) and evaluated their antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential. The nanoparticles showed high antimicrobial efficacy against various pathogens and cytotoxic effects on MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell lines, suggesting potential as antimicrobial and anticancer agents.
Magnesium Oxide in Constipation
This narrative review evaluates the evidence base for the clinical use of magnesium oxide as a laxative for treating constipation. It discusses the advantages, appropriate dosing, serum concentration considerations, drug interactions, and potential side effects, particularly in the elderly and patients with renal impairment.
Doxorubicin Loaded Magnesium Oxide Nanoflakes as pH Dependent Carriers for Simultaneous Treatment of Cancer and Hypomagnesemia
The study develops magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoflakes as drug carriers loaded with doxorubicin for targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy. The system aims to minimize cytotoxicity and address hypomagnesemia by releasing magnesium ions in acidic conditions.
Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of a Marine-Derived Multimineral, Aquamin-Magnesium
In vitro study comparing the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Aquamin-Mg, magnesium chloride, and magnesium oxide using the INFOGEST digestion method and Caco-2 cell model. Aquamin-Mg showed greater bioavailability than MgO and a similar profile to MgCl2.
Dietary and Lifestyle Changes in the Treatment of a 23-Year-Old Female Patient With Migraine.
Case report of a 23-year-old female with atypical migraines unresponsive to pharmaceutical and musculoskeletal therapies. Dietary and lifestyle changes, along with supplementation of a multivitamin, magnesium oxide, and Ulmus rubra, led to improvement in migraine headaches and resolution of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms.