Research
HMB
127 peer-reviewed studies curated from PubMed and Semantic Scholar.
Studies
Sorted by quality and recency
The Role of HMB Supplementation in Enhancing the Effects of Resistance Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Muscle Quality, Body Composition, and Physical Function.
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of resistance training combined with HMB supplementation versus resistance training alone on body composition, muscle quality, and physical function in older adults. The analysis found modest improvements in handgrip strength and physical function, but no significant effects on body composition or muscle quality.
The effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation in patients with sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of HMB supplementation in patients with sarcopenia. The analysis included five RCTs and found that HMB supplementation improved muscle mass and strength but showed no significant benefit on physical performance.
Ergogenic Benefits of β-Hydroxy-β-Methyl Butyrate (HMB) Supplementation on Body Composition and Muscle Strength: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses.
Umbrella review of meta-analyses on HMB supplementation effects on body composition and muscle strength in adults. HMB significantly increased muscle mass, muscle strength index, and fat-free mass, but showed no significant changes in fat mass or body mass.
Effects of Oral Nutritional Supplement with β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on Biochemical and Hematological Indices in Community-Dwelling Older Adults at Risk of Malnutrition: Findings from the SHIELD Study.
The SHIELD study investigated the effects of a specialized oral nutritional supplement containing HMB on biochemical and hematological indices in 811 older adults at risk of malnutrition. The intervention group showed significant improvements in various indices compared to the placebo group after six months of supplementation.
Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on lipid profile in adults: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 RCTs with 421 participants assessing the effects of HMB supplementation on lipid profiles. The analysis found no significant effect of HMB on total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, or HDL-C.
The effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate or HMB-rich nutritional supplements on sarcopenia patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs assessing the effects of HMB or HMB-rich supplements on sarcopenia patients. HMB showed a statistically significant improvement in Hand Grip Strength, but no significant effects on Gait Speed, Fat Mass, Fat-Free Mass, or Skeletal Muscle Index.
Impact of a specialized oral nutritional supplement on quality of life in older adults following hospitalization: Post-hoc analysis of the NOURISH trial.
Post-hoc analysis of the NOURISH trial assessing the impact of a specialized oral nutritional supplement (S-ONS) containing high protein and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on quality of life in older adults post-hospitalization. The study found that S-ONS improved QoL scores for mental health, vitality, social functioning, and general health compared to placebo.
Effects of HMB on Endurance Performance in a Healthy Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of HMB supplementation on endurance performance and VO2 max in a healthy population. Eleven studies with 279 participants were included, showing significant improvements in endurance performance and VO2 max after HMB ingestion.
Effects of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on muscle mass, function, and other outcomes in patients with cancer: a systematic review.
This systematic review investigated the effects and safety of HMB supplementation on muscle mass, function, and other clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Evidence from higher-quality studies showed beneficial effects on muscle mass, function, and survival, but not on quality of life or body weight. No serious adverse effects were reported.
An umbrella review of systematic reviews of β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate supplementation in ageing and clinical practice.
Umbrella review of systematic reviews on HMB supplementation in ageing and clinical populations. Found mixed evidence on HMB's effect on lean soft-tissue mass and strength, with most reviews showing no effect or inconclusive evidence. No evidence was found for improvement in physical function.
Impact of specialized oral nutritional supplement on clinical, nutritional, and functional outcomes: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in community-dwelling older adults at risk of malnutrition.
RCT of 811 community-dwelling older adults at risk of malnutrition comparing oral nutritional supplement containing HMB and vitamin D to placebo for 180 days. The intervention group showed significant improvements in weight, BMI, nutritional status, energy intake, and functional outcomes such as leg and handgrip strength.
Effects of oral administration of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate on lean body mass in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 9 studies with 448 participants examining the effects of HMB supplementation on body composition in older adults. HMB significantly increased fat-free mass but had no effect on fat mass. HMB alone improved fat-free mass, while HMB with exercise showed no additional change.
Supplementation with the Leucine Metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) does not Improve Resistance Exercise-Induced Changes in Body Composition or Strength in Young Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of HMB supplementation in young adults during resistance exercise training. Analyzed 11 studies with 302 participants for body mass and composition, and 248 for strength. Found a small effect on total body mass gain, but no significant effects on fat-free mass, fat mass, or strength outcomes.
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate and its impact on skeletal muscle mass and physical function in clinical practice: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 RCTs involving 2137 patients to assess the efficacy of HMB on skeletal muscle mass and physical function. HMB showed small positive effects on increasing muscle mass and strength, but no effect on bodyweight. Further high-quality studies are recommended due to bias in included studies.
Health Benefits of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementation in Addition to Physical Exercise in Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.
This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of HMB supplementation combined with physical exercise on physical and cognitive health in older adults. Data from 10 RCTs with 384 participants showed that HMB supplementation had no or low impact on body composition, muscle strength, or physical performance compared to exercise alone. There is limited evidence on the cognitive benefits of HMB combined with exercise.
The Effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on Sarcopenia and Functional Frailty in Older Persons: A Systematic Review.
Systematic review of RCTs assessing the effect of HMB on muscle mass, strength, and function in older people with sarcopenia and frailty. HMB supplementation improved lean muscle mass and preserved muscle strength and function.
The Effects of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate Supplementation on Recovery Following Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage. The analysis included 324 participants for creatine kinase and 229 for lactate dehydrogenase from 10 and 8 studies, respectively. HMB supplementation significantly reduced CK and LDH serum levels, with a time-dependent effect observed in studies over 6 weeks.
Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on muscle loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of seven RCTs involving 287 older adults, examining the effects of HMB supplementation on muscle mass. The meta-analysis showed greater muscle mass gain in the HMB intervention groups compared to control groups, suggesting HMB may help prevent muscle atrophy in older adults.
Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation during resistance training on strength, body composition, and muscle damage in trained and untrained young men: a meta-analysis.
Meta-analysis of HMB supplementation during resistance training in 394 subjects, analyzing effects on strength, body composition, and muscle damage. Small benefits to lower-body and average strength were observed in untrained lifters, while effects in trained lifters were trivial. Effects on body composition were inconsequential, and results on muscle damage were unclear.
Preliminary clinical study on the synergistic effects of prebiotics and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in improving muscle function and intestinal barrier function in elderly patients with sarcopenia.
RCT on 78 elderly sarcopenic patients comparing standard diet with HMB, HMB plus fructooligosaccharides, and standard diet alone. HMB improved muscle function, while the combination with prebiotics further enhanced intestinal barrier repair and reduced inflammation.
[Efficacy of Transfer Energy Capacitive and Resistive Therapy Combined With β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Nutritional Supplementation in Older Adults With Sarcopenic Obesity].
RCT investigating the effects of TECAR therapy combined with HMB supplementation in 140 older adults with sarcopenic obesity. The TECAR + HMB group showed significant improvements in physical performance, activities of daily living, and body composition, with synergistic effects noted.
Effects of combined nutritional supplementation and exercise on proxy measures of muscle mass, strength, and function in older adults with sarcopenia: a 12-week multicentre RCT.
This 12-week multicenter RCT studied the effects of combined nutritional supplementation and exercise on muscle mass, strength, and function in 110 older adults with sarcopenia. The intervention group received muscle-targeted oral nutritional supplementation and structured exercise, showing modest improvements in muscle mass, strength, function, and quality of life compared to controls.
Efficacy of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine for the prevention of mucositis induced by platinum-based chemoradiation in head and neck cancer: A phase II study.
Phase II RCT examining the prophylactic effects of a beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine mixture on mucositis and cachexia in head and neck cancer patients undergoing platinum-based chemoradiotherapy. The intervention significantly reduced grade 3 mucositis incidence and body weight loss compared to the non-intervention group.
Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation and functional outcomes in multitrauma patients: A pilot randomized controlled trial.
Pilot RCT assessing feasibility of administering 3g HMB supplementation in ICU patients with traumatic injury. The study found feasibility in administering the supplement, but the effect on attenuating muscle wasting remains uncertain.
Supplementation with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate after resistance training in post-acute care patients with sarcopenia: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
RCT evaluating the efficacy of 3g/day Ca-HMB supplementation combined with a 12-week resistance training program in older adults with sarcopenia. The intervention group showed significant improvements in physical performance and handgrip strength, particularly in women, with effects persisting at 1-year follow-up.
β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Supplementation May Not Enhance Additional Effects of Exercise on Muscle Quality in Older Women.
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial tested whether HMB supplementation enhances the effects of resistance training on muscle quality in older women with low muscle mass. The study found no significant interaction of HMB supplementation with resistance training on muscle quality parameters, although resistance training alone reduced the decline in functional muscle quality.
Evaluation of the recovery after heart surgery following preoperative supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, L-arginine, and L-glutamine: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.
This double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluated the effect of preoperative supplementation with a combination of L-glutamine, L-arginine, and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate in 60 patients undergoing heart surgery. The supplementation group showed lower serum levels of CPK-MB, troponin, bilirubin, and SOFA score, as well as reduced time of stay in the hospital and ICU compared to placebo, suggesting enhanced recovery and reduced myocardial injury.
The effects of preoperative supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine on inflammatory and hematological markers of patients with heart surgery: a randomized controlled trial.
RCT of 60 preoperative cardiac surgery patients comparing Heallagen® (a combination of L-arginine, L-glutamine, and HMB) to placebo for 30 days. The Heallagen® group showed lower serum levels of interleukin-6, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and lymphocyte number, indicating improved inflammatory and hematological markers.
Effects of exercise and/or β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older women with low muscle mass: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
This 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial examined the effects of HMB supplementation and exercise on muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in 156 older women with low muscle mass. HMB supplementation improved usual gait speed but did not enhance the effects of exercise on other outcomes. Exercise alone improved various measures of physical performance.
A randomized controlled trial to determine whether beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and/or eicosapentaenoic acid improves diaphragm and quadriceps strength in critically Ill mechanically ventilated patients.
RCT on 83 mechanically ventilated patients to assess the effects of HMB and/or EPA on diaphragm and quadriceps strength. Treatments failed to increase muscle strength or thickness compared to placebo, and did not reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation.
Oral Nutritional Supplement with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) Improves Nutrition, Physical Performance and Ameliorates Intramuscular Adiposity in Pre-Frail Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
This 12-week randomized controlled trial evaluated the effects of high protein oral nutrition shakes supplemented with HMB on muscle mass, physical performance, and intramuscular adiposity in pre-frail older adults. The HMB group showed significant improvements in muscle mass, nutritional status, physical performance, and reduced intramuscular adiposity compared to the control group.
Enhanced physical and cognitive performance in active duty Airmen: evidence from a randomized multimodal physical fitness and nutritional intervention.
RCT in 148 active-duty Air Force Airmen comparing a multimodal intervention of high-intensity interval training and a novel nutritional supplement (HMB, lutein, phospholipids, DHA, B12, folic acid) to exercise alone. The intervention improved working memory, fluid intelligence reaction time, processing efficiency, heart rate, and lean muscle mass beyond exercise alone.
Long-term Effects of Calcium β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate and Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Muscular Function in Older Adults With and Without Resistance Training: A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Study.
RCT of 117 older adults over 12 months to assess the effects of calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and vitamin D3 supplementation on muscle function and strength. HMB+D supplementation significantly improved lean body mass and knee extension peak torque in non-exercisers, and increased a composite functional index compared to control.
A Novel Fortified Dairy Product and Sarcopenia Measures in Sarcopenic Older Adults: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.
A 12-week double-blind RCT evaluated the effects of fortified yogurt with HMB, vitamin D, and vitamin C on sarcopenic older adults. The intervention improved handgrip strength, gait speed, and modulated inflammatory markers compared to control. It also enhanced physical aspects of quality of life.
Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on strength and body composition in trained and competitive athletes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
This meta-analysis examined the effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on strength and body composition in trained and competitive athletes. The analysis included six randomized controlled trials with 193 participants and found no significant effect of HMB on bench press strength, leg press strength, body mass, fat-free mass, or fat mass.
β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation may improve recovery and muscle adaptations after resistance training: a systematic review.
Systematic review of HMB-FA supplementation as an ergogenic aid in resistance training. HMB-FA may attenuate muscle damage, enhance immune and endocrine responses, and improve muscle mass, strength, and aerobic fitness. More studies are needed to confirm efficacy.
Readmission and mortality in malnourished, older, hospitalized adults treated with a specialized oral nutritional supplement: A randomized clinical trial.
Multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial evaluating a high-protein oral nutritional supplement containing beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HP-HMB) in malnourished, hospitalized older adults. HP-HMB decreased 90-day mortality and improved nutritional status compared to placebo, though no effects were observed for the primary composite endpoint of death or nonelective readmission.
Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation in health and disease: a systematic review of randomized trials.
Systematic review of randomized trials on HMB supplementation in various conditions, including training programs, aging, and chronic diseases. HMB is effective in preventing exercise-related muscle damage and muscle loss during chronic diseases, with a recommended dose of 3g/day.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a beta-hydroxyl beta-methyl butyrate, glutamine, and arginine mixture for the treatment of cancer cachexia (RTOG 0122).
A phase III RCT of 472 advanced cancer patients with cachexia tested a mixture of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate, glutamine, and arginine against a control. The study found no statistically significant difference in lean body mass between the groups after 8 weeks, though there was a trend towards increased body mass in the treatment group.
Supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), arginine, and glutamine is safe and could improve hematological parameters.
Three double-blind studies examined the safety and effects of a combination of HMB, arginine, and glutamine on blood chemistries, hematology, and emotional profile in healthy males, HIV patients, and cancer patients. The supplementation was associated with improved emotional profile, decreased weakness, and increased hematological parameters without adverse health indicators.
The effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on sarcopenia in stable decompensated cirrhosis: A pilot randomized controlled trial.
This pilot randomized controlled trial investigated the effect of an HMB-containing oral nutritional supplement on sarcopenia in 21 patients with stable decompensated cirrhosis. While there were no significant between-group differences in muscle mass or handgrip strength, the HMB group showed significant within-group improvements in phase angle, mid-arm muscle circumference, and chair stand test performance.
Impact of preoperative beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine supplementation on inflammation in patients with cardiac surgery: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.
Secondary analysis of an RCT investigating preoperative supplementation with HMB, glutamine, and arginine in older patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The supplementation significantly reduced pre-surgery serum TNF-α levels, indicating a potential anti-inflammatory effect, but no significant differences were observed in C-reactive protein levels or other nutritional markers.
Resistance training combined with β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate for patients with critical illness: A four-arm, mixed-methods, feasibility randomised controlled trial.
This study assessed the feasibility, safety, acceptability, and potential effectiveness of resistance training with or without HMB for ICU patients. The trial involved 48 patients across four groups, with high enrollment and retention rates. No adverse events were reported, and the intervention was well accepted. Resistance training showed potential improvement in physical function, while HMB did not.
Effect of a 12-week nutritional intervention in the food intake of patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.
Secondary analysis of an RCT evaluating the effects of HMB supplementation and nutritional intervention in liver transplant waiting list patients. The study found slight improvements in food intake, with various clinical and nutritional factors affecting energy and protein intake.
Effects of preoperative beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine supplementation on cardiac surgery: A randomized controlled trial.
RCT of 44 older patients undergoing cardiac surgery, comparing preoperative HMB supplementation to no nutritional intervention. The HMB group showed significant improvements in 6-min walking distance, muscle strength, and physical performance, along with a shorter hospital stay, but no change in muscle mass.
Plasma beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate availability after enteral administration during critical illness after trauma: An exploratory study.
Exploratory study nested within an RCT assessing plasma and muscle concentrations of HMB in critically ill trauma patients receiving enteral HMB (3g daily) or placebo. Plasma HMB concentrations increased significantly after administration, but muscle concentration findings were limited by small sample size.
The effect of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) with nutritional counselling on anthropometric muscle mass markers, strength, functionality, and quality of life in patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation: A double-blind study.
Double-blind, randomized study of 3g HMB supplementation versus maltodextrin in patients on the liver transplantation waiting list. Both groups showed improvements in arm circumference, muscle strength, and frailty index over 12 weeks.
Effects of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate Supplementation on Older Adults with Sarcopenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.
RCT of 34 older adults with sarcopenia comparing HMB supplementation to placebo over 12 weeks. HMB significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, five-time chair stand test, muscle quality, and reduced inflammatory factors compared to placebo.
Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation preserves fat-free mass in collegiate boxers during acute body mass loss.
This study investigated the effect of HMB supplementation on body composition and sport-specific performance in well-trained boxers on a hypocaloric diet. The HMB group maintained fat-free mass and heart rate response during simulated matches, while the placebo group experienced a decrease in fat-free mass and heart rate. HMB supplementation had a nonsignificant effect on glucose, fat, and protein metabolism during energy restriction.
Randomized Clinical Trial: Effects of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB)-Enriched vs. HMB-Free Oral Nutritional Supplementation in Malnourished Cirrhotic Patients.
RCT of 43 malnourished cirrhotic patients comparing HMB-enriched oral nutritional supplementation to HMB-free supplementation over 12 weeks. Both groups showed improved liver function and increased fat mass index. The HMB group showed trends towards improved handgrip strength and reduced minimal hepatic encephalopathy.
Impact of ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) in critically ill patients on the endocrine axis - A post-hoc cohort study of the HMB-ICU trial.
Post-hoc analysis of the HMB-ICU trial, a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study, investigating the effects of HMB on plasma levels of GH/IGF-1, C-peptide, and 25-OH vitamin-D in critically ill ICU patients. No significant differences were found between the HMB and placebo groups for these markers, though IGF-1 increased significantly from day 4 to 15 in both groups.
Effects of β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyric Supplementation in Combination with Conservative Non-Invasive Treatments in Athletes with Patellar Tendinopathy: A Pilot Study.
This double-blind randomized trial studied the effects of HMB supplementation combined with conservative non-invasive treatments on athletes with patellar tendinopathy. The study found that HMB supplementation could enhance muscular power performance, optimizing intervention adaptations, although no changes were noted in body composition or pain.
Urinary Titin N-Fragment Evaluation in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate for Acute Mild Trauma in Older Adults.
This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) complex supplementation in elderly trauma patients. The study found no significant effect of HMB on the cross-sectional area of the rectus femoris, grip strength, or the Barthel Index after 2 weeks. Titin values correlated with grip strength and the Barthel Index, but HMB did not ameliorate muscle injury.
Effects of Co-Ingestion of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate and L-Arginine α-Ketoglutarate on Jump Performance in Young Track and Field Athletes.
RCT of 40 young track and field athletes examining the effects of co-supplementation with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and L-Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate on jump performance. The supplement group maintained countermovement jump height, while the placebo group showed a significant decrease. No differences in muscle damage markers or mood were observed between groups.
Impact of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on muscle loss and protein metabolism in critically ill patients: A RCT.
RCT of 30 ICU patients on mechanical ventilation testing HMB supplementation (3g/day) versus placebo for 30 days. HMB did not significantly reduce muscle wasting but improved amino acid metabolism, reduced net protein breakdown, increased phase angle, and improved global health.
The Effects of 12-Week Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate Supplementation in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: Results from a Randomized Controlled Single-Blind Pilot Study.
This randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial evaluated the effect of 12-week beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on muscle mass and function in 24 patients with liver cirrhosis. The HMB group showed significant improvements in muscle function and quadriceps muscle mass, as well as a decrease in the Liver Frailty Index. HMB was well tolerated with no adverse events reported.
Effect of administration of β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate-enriched formula after liver transplantation: A pilot randomized controlled trial.
Pilot RCT of 23 liver transplant patients comparing HMB-enriched formula to control. HMB group showed significantly higher grip strength and skeletal muscle mass index, lower white blood cell count, and shorter hospital stay post-surgery.
Low Dose of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Alleviates Muscle Strength Loss and Limited Joint Flexibility following Eccentric Contractions.
This double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT investigated the effect of low-dose HMB supplementation on muscle damage following eccentric contractions in 20 untrained men. The HMB group showed significantly higher MVC torque and range of motion compared to the placebo group, indicating a beneficial role in muscle dysfunction and joint flexibility.
The addition of β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) to creatine monohydrate supplementation does not improve anthropometric and performance maintenance across a collegiate rugby season.
This double-blind, cross-over RCT investigated the effects of combining HMB with creatine monohydrate supplementation on stress, muscle damage, body composition, strength, and sprinting kinetics in 16 male collegiate rugby players. The study found no consistent or positive ergogenic benefit of the combination over creatine monohydrate alone across a rugby season.
Combined protein and calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate induced gains in leg fat free mass: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study.
This double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated the effects of combined protein and HMB supplementation versus protein alone on fat free mass (FFM) and muscle strength in untrained individuals over 12 weeks of resistance training. The study found that leg FFM gains were higher in the group receiving both protein and HMB compared to protein alone, although whole-body FFM increases were similar in both groups.
A prospective trial to evaluate treatment effects of a β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate containing nutrient for leakage at the anastomotic site after esophagectomy.
An open-label prospective intervention trial evaluates the treatment effect of an enteral nutrient containing HMB, arginine, and glutamine for leakage at the anastomotic site after esophagectomy. The primary endpoint is the duration between diagnosis and cure of leakage, with a target sample size of 10 patients.
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, Arginine, and Glutamine Complex on Muscle Volume Loss in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Control Trial.
RCT evaluating the efficacy of HMB, arginine, and glutamine complex on muscle volume loss in 88 critically ill ICU patients. The study found no significant inhibition of muscle volume loss with HMB complex supplementation compared to control.
β-Hydroxy-β-methyl Butyrate/L-Arginine/L-Glutamine Supplementation for Preventing Hand-Foot Skin Reaction in Sorafenib for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Prospective, single-center, open-label trial evaluating the prophylactic benefits of an oral nutritional supplement containing HMB, L-arginine, and L-glutamine on sorafenib-associated hand-foot skin reaction in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients. The supplement group showed a significant reduction in HFSR occurrence compared to the control group.
Effects of maternal treatment with β-hydroxy-β-metylbutyrate and 2-oxoglutaric acid on femur development in offspring of minks of the standard dark brown type.
The study evaluated the effects of maternal supplementation with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and 2-oxoglutaric acid on the bone development of mink offspring. The diet influenced the mechanical and geometric parameters of long bones, with varying effects based on the type of dam and sex of the offspring.
The Effect of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate on Aerobic Capacity and Body Composition in Trained Athletes.
RCT of 58 highly trained males over 12 weeks comparing HMB supplementation to placebo. HMB increased fat-free mass, reduced fat mass, and improved aerobic capacity metrics such as VO2max and time to ventilatory threshold. Testosterone levels increased with HMB, while cortisol levels rose in both groups.
Interaction of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate Free Acid and Adenosine Triphosphate on Muscle Mass, Strength, and Power in Resistance Trained Individuals.
A 12-week double-blind, placebo-, and diet-controlled RCT investigated the effects of HMB-FA (3 g) and ATP (400 mg) on lean body mass, strength, and power in resistance-trained individuals. The combination of HMB-FA/ATP increased lean body mass by 12.7%, strength by 23.5%, and power by over 21% compared to placebo. The supplementation also blunted strength and power declines during an overreaching cycle.
Effect of Oral Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementation on Physical Performance in Healthy Old Women Over 65 Years: An Open Label Randomized Controlled Trial.
Open-label RCT of 80 healthy older women over 65 years, evaluating 1.5 g of calcium HMB supplementation for 8 weeks. The HMB group showed significant improvements in PT isokinetic flexion and extension, PT isometric strength, 6MWT, handgrip endurance, and muscle density, but no significant effects on SPPB or DXA parameters.
The effects of 12 weeks of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and power in resistance-trained individuals: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
RCT investigating the effects of 12 weeks of HMB-FA supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and power in resistance-trained individuals. HMB-FA increased total strength, vertical jump power, and lean body mass gain compared to placebo. It also attenuated increases in CK and cortisol during an overreaching cycle.
Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on protein metabolism in bed-ridden elderly receiving tube feeding.
RCT investigating the effect of HMB supplementation on body composition and protein metabolism in bed-ridden elderly receiving tube feeding. HMB supplementation for 2-4 weeks reduced muscle breakdown, as indicated by decreased blood and urinary urea nitrogen levels.
Year-long changes in protein metabolism in elderly men and women supplemented with a nutrition cocktail of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), L-arginine, and L-lysine.
Double-blinded controlled study of elderly men and women supplemented with a nutrition cocktail of HMB, L-arginine, and L-lysine for one year. The supplement increased lean tissue mass and protein turnover compared to the control group.
Dietary β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation influences performance differently after immunization in broiler chickens.
The study investigated the effects of dietary beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on growth, metabolism, and immunity in broiler chickens. HMB-supplemented chickens showed improved growth performance initially, but this was attenuated after immunization. HMB enhanced the immune response post-immunization but at the cost of reduced growth.
Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation in critically ill trauma patients.
Prospective, randomized, blinded study of 100 adult trauma patients with ISS >18, comparing HMB, HMB/ARG/GLN, and placebo supplementation for 28 days. HMB alone improved nitrogen balance compared to placebo, but did not affect muscle protein turnover as measured by 3-MH to creatinine ratios.
Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and lysine supplementation on strength, functionality, body composition, and protein metabolism in elderly women.
Double-blind RCT with 50 elderly women testing daily supplementation of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and lysine for 12 weeks. The experimental group showed improvements in functionality, strength, fat-free mass, and protein synthesis compared to placebo.
Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation does not affect changes in strength or body composition during resistance training in trained men.
This RCT evaluated the effects of 6 weeks of oral HMB supplementation on resistance-trained male athletes. HMB supplementation did not influence changes in strength, body composition, or biochemical markers of muscle protein turnover and muscle damage.
Nutritional supplementation of the leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (hmb) during resistance training.
RCT examining the effects of HMB supplementation during resistance training in 39 men and 36 women. HMB supplementation increased upper body strength and fat-free weight, and decreased percent body fat compared to placebo. Plasma creatine phosphokinase levels were suppressed in the HMB group, indicating reduced muscle damage.
Nutritional treatment for acquired immunodeficiency virus-associated wasting using beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate, glutamine, and arginine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
RCT of 68 HIV-infected patients with weight loss, testing a nutrient mixture of HMB, glutamine, and arginine versus placebo for 8 weeks. The HMB/Arg/Gln group gained significantly more body weight and lean body mass compared to placebo, with improved immune status and decreased HIV viral load.
Negligible Effects of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Free Acid and Calcium Salt on Strength and Hypertrophic Responses to Resistance Training: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the effects of HMB-FA and HMB-Ca on strength, hypertrophy, and muscle damage markers in 44 resistance-trained men. While all groups increased lean body mass and strength, no significant differences were found between groups, except for a minor improvement in leg press strength in the HMB-FA group. Neither form of HMB improved hypertrophy or reduced muscle damage.
Time-restricted feeding plus resistance training in active females: a randomized trial.
This randomized trial examined the effects of time-restricted feeding (TRF) with or without HMB supplementation during resistance training in active females. The study found comparable fat-free mass accretion and skeletal muscle hypertrophy across all groups, with differential effects on fat mass reduction in TRF groups. Muscular performance improved similarly across groups, and supplemental HMB did not definitively improve outcomes.
Equivalent Hypertrophy and Strength Gains in β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate- or Leucine-supplemented Men.
RCT comparing the effects of HMB versus leucine supplementation added to whey protein on muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in 26 resistance-trained men over 12 weeks. No differences were found between the groups in muscle mass, strength, or hormonal concentrations.
Oral Supplementation with Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate, Arginine, and Glutamine Improves Lean Body Mass in Healthy Older Adults.
RCT of 31 healthy older adults randomized to receive either an amino acid supplement containing HMB, arginine, and glutamine or placebo for six months. The supplement group showed significant increases in lean body mass and improved performance in a timed stair climb compared to placebo.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation Only Versus With Nutritional Supplementation in Patients With Bronchiectasis: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL.
A single-center randomized controlled trial comparing pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) alone versus PR plus a high-protein nutritional supplement enriched with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate in 30 patients with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Both groups showed significant improvements in exercise capacity, HRQOL, and respiratory parameters, but the nutritional supplement did not have a significant additional effect.
Two and Four Weeks of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementations Reduce Muscle Damage Following Eccentric Contractions.
This study investigated the effect of HMB supplementation for 2 or 4 weeks on muscle damage after eccentric contractions in 28 untrained men. HMB supplementation resulted in higher MVC torque and ROM, smaller upper arm circumference, and lower muscle stiffness compared to placebo, indicating a positive role in preventing muscle damage.
β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementation Effects on Body Mass and Performance in Elite Male Rugby Union Players.
RCT of 27 elite male rugby players examining the effects of 11 weeks of HMB supplementation on body mass and performance. HMB supplementation increased body mass compared to placebo but decreased performance on the YoYo IR-1 test, suggesting potential benefits for body mass but possible detriments to intermittent running ability.
Pre-exercise β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free-acid supplementation improves work capacity recovery: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study.
RCT investigating the effects of a single-dose of 3 g HMB-FA supplementation on muscle recovery in 23 trained young males after high-intensity exercise. HMB-FA improved work capacity recovery 24 hours post-exercise, while placebo did not return to pre-exercise levels even after 72 hours.
A double-blind placebo controlled trial into the impacts of HMB supplementation and exercise on free-living muscle protein synthesis, muscle mass and function, in older adults.
A double-blind placebo-controlled trial investigated the effects of HMB supplementation and resistance exercise training on muscle protein synthesis, muscle mass, and function in older adults. The study found that while HMB-FA increased thigh lean mass, it did not enhance muscle strength or mass more than resistance exercise alone. Early increases in muscle protein synthesis were observed with HMB-FA, suggesting potential long-term benefits.
β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyrate free acid alters cortisol responses, but not myofibrillar proteolysis, during a 24-h fast.
This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial examined the effects of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA) supplementation on muscle protein breakdown, cortisol, testosterone, and resting energy expenditure during acute fasting. HMB-FA altered cortisol responses but did not affect myofibrillar proteolysis during a 24-hour fast.
The Effect of a 12-Week Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementation on Highly-Trained Combat Sports Athletes: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study.
RCT of 42 highly-trained combat sports athletes assessing the effects of 12-week HMB supplementation versus placebo. HMB increased fat-free mass, reduced fat mass, and improved aerobic and anaerobic capacity, but showed no differences in blood marker levels compared to placebo.
Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and dynamics, and lipids after 10 days of bed rest in older adults.
RCT examining the effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on skeletal muscle mitochondrial content, dynamics, and lipids in older adults during 10 days of bed rest and subsequent 8-week resistance training rehabilitation. HMB was found to influence mitochondrial dynamics and lipid metabolism, maintaining higher mitochondrial OXPHOS content and dynamics during rehabilitation.
Effects of 4 Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training and β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyric Free Acid Supplementation on the Onset of Neuromuscular Fatigue.
This RCT investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and HMB supplementation on physical working capacity at the onset of neuromuscular fatigue threshold (PWC(FT)) in 37 participants. The study found that while HIIT increased PWC(FT), the combination of HMB supplementation with HIIT was more effective than HIIT alone in improving endurance performance measures.
Efficacy of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation in maintenance hemodialysis patients.
Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial assessing the effects of daily HMB supplementation on co-morbidities in maintenance hemodialysis patients. No significant effects of HMB on body composition, bone density, strength, physical function, fall risk, quality of life, or blood parameters were observed. Per-protocol analysis with compliant participants also showed no significant differences.
Effects of combined β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) and whey protein ingestion on symptoms of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.
RCT examining the effects of combined HMB and whey protein ingestion on muscle strength and damage following eccentric exercise in 18 untrained males. The study found no significant differences in muscle strength loss, soreness, or muscle damage markers between the combined supplement group and the individual supplement groups.
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate attenuates cytokine response during sustained military training.
This study tested the effects of 23 days of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on muscle mass and immune response in soldiers during intense military training. HMB supplementation significantly reduced inflammatory markers and was likely to increase muscle volume compared to placebo.
The effect of HMB ingestion on the IGF-I and IGF binding protein response to high intensity military training.
This double-blind, parallel design study examined the effect of 23 days of HMB supplementation on circulating levels of IGF-I and IGFBPs in 13 combat soldiers during intense military training. No significant differences were observed for circulating IGF-1 concentrations or IGFBPs 1-6 between HMB and placebo groups, but a significant difference was noted for IGFBP-7, suggesting a potential reduced stress response.
Anabolic effects of leucine-rich whey protein, carbohydrate, and soy protein with and without β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) during fasting-induced catabolism: A human randomized crossover trial.
This randomized crossover trial studied the effects of leucine-rich whey protein, carbohydrate, soy protein, and soy protein with HMB on muscle protein kinetics during fasting-induced catabolic conditions in eight healthy lean males. LWH and HMB showed superior anabolic effects, with LWH distinctly activating the mTOR pathway.
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation and resistance exercise significantly reduce abdominal adiposity in healthy elderly men.
RCT examining the effects of 12 weeks of HMB supplementation and resistance training on abdominal adiposity in 48 elderly men. The combination of HMB and resistance training significantly reduced abdominal fat mass compared to other groups.
Effects of 6-month supplementation with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, glutamine and arginine on vascular endothelial function of older adults.
This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the effects of a dietary supplement containing HMB, glutamine, and arginine on endothelial-dependent vasodilation in older adults. The treatment group showed a 27% increase in flow-mediated dilation, suggesting improved vascular endothelial function, while no change was observed in the placebo group.
The efficacy of a β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation on physical capacity, body composition and biochemical markers in elite rowers: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study.
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study assessed the effect of HMB supplementation on physical capacity, body composition, and biochemical markers in 16 elite male rowers over 12 weeks. HMB supplementation significantly increased aerobic capacity and reduced fat mass, and may stimulate an increase in peak anaerobic power, but showed no effect on other anaerobic adaptations or blood marker levels.
Comparison of availability and plasma clearance rates of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate delivery in the free acid and calcium salt forms.
This study compared the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) in its free acid form (HMB-FA) and calcium salt form (Ca-HMB) in 10 human subjects using a randomized crossover design. HMB-FA in capsule form showed a 37% increase in plasma clearance rate and a 76% increase in peak plasma concentration compared to Ca-HMB, with faster absorption times.
Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid and cold water immersion on post-exercise markers of muscle damage.
RCT examining the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) with and without beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA) on muscle damage markers post-exercise in 40 recreationally resistance-trained men. HMB-FA-CWI showed greater improvements in average power per repetition, while CWI elevated myoglobin levels. HMB-FA may have attenuated CRP increase when combined with CWI. The combination of CWI and HMB-FA improved performance recovery compared to other groups.
The effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on selected parameters of humoral immunity in calves.
The study evaluated the effect of HMB supplementation on humoral immunity parameters in 14 calves. HMB supplementation significantly increased gammaglobulin levels and lysozyme activity throughout the experimental period and increased ceruloplasmin activity on days 15 and 30, with no changes in serum total protein levels compared to the control group.