Research

Guar Gum

67 peer-reviewed studies curated from PubMed and Semantic Scholar.

6
Meta-analyses
1
Systematic reviews
59
RCTs
1
Other studies
Meta-analyses (9%)
Systematic reviews (1%)
RCTs (88%)

Studies

Sorted by quality and recency

2023·Diabetes research and clinical practice·Mohammad Javad Alaeian, Sanaz Pourreza, Mohsen Yousefi, et al

The effects of guar gum supplementation on glycemic control, body mass and blood pressure in adults: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Meta-analysisNutrition

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of guar gum supplementation on glycemic control, blood pressure, and body mass in adults. Pooled analysis of 14 RCTs showed significant reductions in hemoglobin A1c with guar gum supplementation, but no effect on fasting blood sugar, blood pressure, or body mass. Subgroup analysis indicated benefits in type 2 diabetes patients with high dosages.

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2022·The British journal of nutrition·Leila Setayesh, Sanaz Pourreza, Mohammad Zeinali Khosroshahi, et al

The effects of guar gum supplementation on lipid profile in adults: a GRADE-assessed systematic review, meta-regression and dose-response meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials.

Meta-analysis

Systematic review, meta-regression, and dose-response meta-analysis of 19 RCTs examining the effects of guar gum supplementation on lipid profile in adults. Guar gum supplementation led to significant reductions in total cholesterol and LDL, but no effect on TAG and HDL compared to control.

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2021·International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition·Baowei Shao, Haijie Li, Pengfei Zhang, et al

The effect of gum consumption on blood pressure as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of controlled trials.

Meta-analysisn = 640Heart Health

Meta-analysis of nine randomized clinical trials involving 640 participants to evaluate the effectiveness of Guar gum in reducing blood pressure. The results indicated a significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, with the greatest effects seen in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, and with higher dosages and longer intervention durations.

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2021·Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD·Jianbei Lin, Yan Sun, Heitor O Santos, et al

Effects of guar gum supplementation on the lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Meta-analysisHeart Health

Systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 RCTs examining the effects of guar gum supplementation on lipid profiles. Guar gum significantly reduced total cholesterol and LDL-C levels but had no significant effect on triglycerides and HDL-C levels.

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2021·Critical reviews in food science and nutrition·Jilin Li, Rongping Chen, Yongru Chen, et al

The effect of guar gum consumption on the lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Meta-analysisHeart Health

Systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 RCTs assessing the effects of guar gum supplementation on serum lipids in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Guar gum significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, but had no effect on HDL cholesterol.

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2025·Nutrition & diabetes·Anna Cherta-Murillo, Kexin Zhou, Martina Tashkova, et al

Investigating the effects of mycoprotein and guar gum on postprandial glucose in type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomised controlled trial.

RCTn = 18Nutrition

This double-blind, crossover, acute RCT investigated the effects of mycoprotein and guar gum on postprandial glucose, insulin, and appetite responses in 18 subjects with type 2 diabetes. Mycoprotein and guar gum independently reduced postprandial glucose levels, with guar gum also lowering insulin responses in south Asian participants.

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2020·Nutrients·Wenqi Zhao, Ying Zhou, Yuqing Yuan, et al

Potato Preload Mitigated Postprandial Glycemic Excursion in Healthy Subjects: An Acute Randomized Trial.

RCTn = 17Nutrition

This randomized crossover trial investigated the preload effect of medium and high glycemic index potatoes, and the combination of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (HG) and potato, on postprandial glycemic response in 17 healthy female subjects. Preloading with cooked potato significantly reduced postprandial glycemic excursion, and the combination of HG and highly cooked potato as a double preload resulted in better glycemic response than either substance alone.

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2014·Journal of the American Geriatrics Society·Alice C L Ong, Phyo K Myint, John F Potter

Pharmacological treatment of postprandial reductions in blood pressure: a systematic review.

Systematic review

Systematic review of randomized controlled trials on pharmacological prevention of postprandial reductions in blood pressure. Caffeine, acarbose, 3,4-DL-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine, guar gum, and octreotide were found to statistically attenuate postprandial BP reduction. Caution is advised when applying findings to symptomatic postprandial hypotension patients.

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2013·Food & function·Linda M N K Ekström, Inger M E Björck, Elin M Ostman

On the possibility to affect the course of glycaemia, insulinaemia, and perceived hunger/satiety to bread meals in healthy volunteers.

RCTNutrition

RCT investigating the effects of supplementing white wheat bread with whole grain corn flour and guar gum on glycaemia, insulinaemia, and perceived satiety in healthy volunteers. The combination improved glycaemic profile, insulinaemia, and subjective appetite ratings compared to reference bread.

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2007·Physiology & behavior·Richard D Mattes

Effects of a combination fiber system on appetite and energy intake in overweight humans.

RCTNutrition -

Double-blind, randomized, cross-over study examining the effects of alginate and guar gum added to a breakfast bar on appetite and energy intake in overweight humans. No significant effects were observed on appetite sensations or daily energy intake over the treatment periods.

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2005·The British journal of nutrition·Tanja C M Adam, Margriet S Westerterp-Plantenga

Glucagon-like peptide-1 release and satiety after a nutrient challenge in normal-weight and obese subjects.

RCTn = 58Nutrition

Crossover study comparing GLP-1 release and satiety after a breakfast with or without galactose/guar gum in normal-weight and overweight/obese subjects. GLP-1 concentrations increased after galactose/guar gum in both groups, but satiety was higher in normal-weight subjects. GLP-1 release was lower in overweight/obese subjects after a standard breakfast without galactose/guar gum.

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2001·The American journal of medicine·M H Pittler, E Ernst

Guar gum for body weight reduction: meta-analysis of randomized trials.

Meta-analysisn = 11Physique -

Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of guar gum for body weight reduction. The analysis found no significant difference in weight loss between guar gum and placebo groups. Adverse events included abdominal pain, flatulence, diarrhea, and cramps, leading to a 3% dropout rate due to adverse events.

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2019·The Journal of nutrition·Daniela Bruttomesso, Paolo Tessari

A High-Fiber Diet Decreases Postabsorptive Protein Turnover but Does Not Alter Insulin Sensitivity in Men with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

RCTn = 8

RCT studying the effects of a high-fiber diet with guar gum on protein turnover in men with type 1 diabetes. The diet decreased postabsorptive protein degradation and synthesis but did not alter insulin sensitivity or metabolic control.

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2017·The American journal of clinical nutrition·Cláudia M de Carvalho, Tatiana P de Paula, Luciana V Viana, et al

Plasma glucose and insulin responses after consumption of breakfasts with different sources of soluble fiber in type 2 diabetes patients: a randomized crossover clinical trial.

RCTn = 19Nutrition

A randomized crossover clinical trial in type 2 diabetes patients compared the acute effects of soluble fiber intake from foods and guar gum supplements on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin. Both high fiber from diet and supplements resulted in lower postprandial glucose compared to usual fiber intake, with no significant difference between the two high fiber sources.

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2017·The British journal of nutrition·Hanny M Boers, Theo H van Dijk, Harry Hiemstra, et al

Effect of fibre additions to flatbread flour mixes on glucose kinetics: a randomised controlled trial.

RCTn = 12Nutrition

Randomised controlled trial with 12 healthy males consuming flatbreads with guar gum and chickpea flour. Guar gum significantly reduced 4-hour AUC values for glucose kinetics, including rates of appearance and disappearance of glucose, and endogenous glucose production, with more substantial effects at higher concentrations.

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2016·International journal of food sciences and nutrition·Muhammad Umair Arshad, Saima Ishtiaq, Faqir Muhammad Anjum, et al

Acute effects of different dietary polysaccharides added in milk on food intake, postprandial appetite and glycemic responses in healthy young females.

RCTn = 30Nutrition

RCT comparing the effects of dietary polysaccharides (alginate, guar gum, carrageenan) added to milk on postprandial glycemic and satiety responses in 30 healthy young females. Alginate and guar gum reduced caloric intake at a subsequent meal and suppressed post-treatment glucose and appetite, with guar gum having a more pronounced effect.

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2015·The journal of nutrition, health & aging·A L Jang, S K Hwang, D U Kim

Effects of guar gum ingestion on postprandial blood pressure in older adults.

RCTn = 22Heart Health

RCT investigating the effects of guar gum on postprandial blood pressure in 22 older female adults with postprandial hypotension. Guar gum significantly reduced the prevalence of postprandial hypotension and affected changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to placebo.

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2013·The British journal of nutrition·Valesca Dall'Alba, Flávia Moraes Silva, Juliana Peçanha Antonio, et al

Improvement of the metabolic syndrome profile by soluble fibre - guar gum - in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial.

RCTn = 44Heart Health Inflammation Nutrition

RCT evaluating the effects of soluble fibre from partially hydrolysed guar gum (PHGG) on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors in 44 patients with type 2 diabetes. The intervention group showed reductions in waist circumference, glycated Hb, urinary albumin excretion, and serum trans-fatty acids compared to baseline.

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2012·Journal of animal science·M Z Fan, T Archbold, D Lackeyram, et al

Consumption of guar gum and retrograded high-amylose corn resistant starch increases IL-10 abundance without affecting pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colon of pigs fed a high-fat diet.

RCTn = 24Gut Health

RCT in 24 Yorkshire growing barrows fed a high-fat diet supplemented with 15% guar gum or 15% retrograded high-amylose corn resistant starch. Both supplements increased colonic IL-10 abundance without affecting pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting a protective effect against colonic inflammation.

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2006·Journal of animal science·A Owusu-Asiedu, J F Patience, B Laarveld, et al

Effects of guar gum and cellulose on digesta passage rate, ileal microbial populations, energy and protein digestibility, and performance of grower pigs.

RCTn = 32Nutrition

The study investigated the effects of dietary guar gum and cellulose on digesta passage rate, ileal microbial populations, energy and protein digestibility, and performance in grower pigs. Guar gum and cellulose slowed the passage rate of digesta, increased ileal digesta viscosity, and reduced energy and protein digestibility. They also decreased average daily gain and feed intake, while increasing ileal bifidobacteria and enterobacteria populations.

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2004·The Journal of nutrition·Jennifer A Williams, Chron-Si Lai, Holly Corwin, et al

Inclusion of guar gum and alginate into a crispy bar improves postprandial glycemia in humans.

RCTn = 48Nutrition

RCT with 48 healthy adults comparing IVF crispy bars containing alginate and guar gum to control bars. IVF bars reduced postprandial blood glucose excursions and peak glucose concentration without affecting gastrointestinal tolerance.

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2004·Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)·T A Tarek Ali Rushdi, Claude Pichard, Y H Yehia Helmy Khater

Control of diarrhea by fiber-enriched diet in ICU patients on enteral nutrition: a prospective randomized controlled trial.

RCTn = 20Gut Health Nutrition

Prospective double-blind RCT evaluating guar gum-enriched enteral feeds in ICU patients with persistent diarrhea. The fiber-enriched diet reduced diarrheal episodes and showed trends for lower plasma glucose and cholesterol levels compared to fiber-free feeds.

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2004·The Journal of nutrition·Caroline L Hoad, Phillippa Rayment, Robin C Spiller, et al

In vivo imaging of intragastric gelation and its effect on satiety in humans.

RCTn = 12Nutrition

RCT investigating the satiating effects of alginates and guar gum in a milk-based meal replacer beverage. Alginates formed lumps in the stomach, with strong-gelling alginate increasing fullness and decreasing hunger compared to control. Guar gum also increased fullness.

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2003·Digestive diseases and sciences·Antonietta Russo, Julie E Stevens, Toni Wilson, et al

Guar attenuates fall in postprandial blood pressure and slows gastric emptying of oral glucose in type 2 diabetes.

RCTn = 11Heart Health Nutrition

RCT with 11 type 2 diabetes patients examining the effect of guar gum on postprandial blood pressure and gastric emptying after oral glucose ingestion. Guar gum reduced the fall in blood pressure and slowed gastric emptying, with lower blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations observed.

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2001·Journal of the American Geriatrics Society·K L Jones, C MacIntosh, Y C Su, et al

Guar gum reduces postprandial hypotension in older people.

RCTn = 10

A randomized, cross-over study with 10 healthy older subjects examined the effect of guar gum on postprandial hypotension. Guar gum reduced the magnitude of falls in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure, slowed gastric emptying, and reduced blood glucose, insulin, and 3-OMG concentrations.

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2001·European journal of clinical nutrition·M Sierra, J J Garcia, N Fernández, et al

Effects of ispaghula husk and guar gum on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in healthy subjects.

RCTn = 10Nutrition

RCT evaluating the effects of ispaghula husk and guar gum on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in 10 healthy female subjects. Ispaghula husk significantly reduced the area under the insulin curve by 36.1% and glucose curve by 11.1%. Guar gum also reduced insulin levels but had a smaller effect on glucose.

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2000·Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica·S Riikonen, H Savonius, H Gylling, et al

Oral guar gum, a gel-forming dietary fiber relieves pruritus in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

RCTn = 48

RCT of 48 patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy comparing guar gum to placebo until delivery. Guar gum diminished or prevented worsening of pruritus and prevented the rise in serum bile acid concentration, showing potential benefits in managing symptoms without side effects.

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1999·International journal of sport nutrition·A C Parcell, M L Ray, K A Moss, et al

The effect of encapsulated soluble fiber on carohydrate metabolism during exercise.

RCT

RCT investigating the effect of encapsulated guar gum (soluble fiber) combined with a preexercise carbohydrate feeding on metabolic responses during exercise. The study found that encapsulated soluble fiber did not affect plasma glucose, insulin, or muscle glycogen utilization during exercise.

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1992·Arteriosclerosis and thrombosis : a journal of vascular biology·M I Uusitupa, T A Miettinen, P Happonen, et al

Lathosterol and other noncholesterol sterols during treatment of hypercholesterolemia with lovastatin alone and with cholestyramine or guar gum.

RCTn = 62

RCT of 62 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia treated with lovastatin alone and in combination with guar gum or cholestyramine. Total cholesterol levels declined significantly with all treatments, with the greatest reduction observed in the lovastatin plus cholestyramine group. The study also observed changes in cholesterol synthesis precursors and plant sterols, indicating different metabolic effects of guar gum and cholestyramine.

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1992·The American journal of clinical nutrition·H Vuorinen-Markkola, M Sinisalo, V A Koivisto

Guar gum in insulin-dependent diabetes: effects on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins.

RCTNutrition Heart Health

RCT examining the effect of guar gum on glycemic control and serum lipid profiles in mildly hypercholesterolemic patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Guar gum significantly decreased fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and LDL cholesterol, improving glycemic control and reducing cardiovascular risk factors.

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1991·Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology·M Uusitupa, T Ebeling, P Happonen, et al

Combination therapy with lovastatin and guar gum versus lovastatin and cholestyramine in treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

RCTn = 62Heart Health

RCT comparing the hypocholesterolemic effects of lovastatin combined with either guar gum or cholestyramine in 62 patients with hypercholesterolemia. Both combinations significantly reduced serum and LDL cholesterol, with lovastatin and cholestyramine showing greater reductions.

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1991·The British journal of nutrition·P R Ellis, F M Dawoud, E R Morris

Blood glucose, plasma insulin and sensory responses to guar-containing wheat breads: effects of molecular weight and particle size of guar gum.

RCTNutrition

The study investigated the effects of wheat breads containing guar gum with varying molecular weight and particle size on post-prandial blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in healthy subjects. While no significant differences in blood glucose responses were found, all guar breads significantly decreased the post-prandial rise in plasma insulin. Sensory qualities of guar bread improved with low molecular weight guar gum.

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1986·Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation·P H Groop, L Groop, K J Tötterman, et al

Relationship between changes in GIP concentrations and changes in insulin and C-peptide concentrations after guar gum therapy.

RCTHormone Health

RCT measuring insulin, C-peptide, and GIP responses to meals during guar gum and placebo treatment in normal and non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Guar gum reduced GIP response but did not influence insulin responses, while increasing C-peptide response in normal subjects, suggesting a potential insulinotropic action.

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1985·Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology·A Rydning, A Berstad, T Berstad, et al

The effect of guar gum and fiber-enriched wheat bran on gastric emptying of a semisolid meal in healthy subjects.

RCT

The study investigated the effect of guar gum and fiber-enriched wheat bran on gastric emptying in healthy subjects using two methods: isotope localization monitor and gamma camera. The gamma camera showed no effect on gastric emptying, while the isotope localization monitor indicated that Fiberform prevented postprandial accumulation in the stomach.

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1985·The British journal of nutrition·L M Morgan, J A Tredger, A Madden, et al

The effect of guar gum on carbohydrate-, fat- and protein-stimulated gut hormone secretion: modification of postprandial gastric inhibitory polypeptide and gastrin responses.

RCTGut Health

The study investigated the effect of guar gum on gut hormone secretion in healthy human volunteers consuming carbohydrate, protein, or fat meals. Guar gum reduced postprandial insulin and GIP levels in carbohydrate meals and reduced GIP secretion in protein meals while enhancing gastrin secretion. No significant effects were observed in fat meals.

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1980·Acta medica Scandinavica·J Tuomilehto, E Voutilainen, J Huttunen, et al

Effect of guar gum on body weight and serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic females.

RCTPhysique Heart Health -

Double-blind controlled trial studying the effect of 15 g/day guar gum on serum lipids and body weight in middle-aged hypercholesterolemic females. Guar gum resulted in significant weight loss but did not affect serum lipids.

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2021·International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X·Henusha D Jhundoo, Tobias Siefen, Alfred Liang, et al

Anti-inflammatory effects of acacia and guar gum in 5-amino salicylic acid formulations in experimental colitis

Animal studyInflammation

The study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of acacia and guar gum in combination with 5-amino salicylic acid (5ASA) in a murine experimental colitis model. Both acacia and guar gum showed significant effects in reducing inflammatory markers, with acacia demonstrating a stronger therapeutic effect, especially at higher doses, when combined with 5ASA.

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1997·International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity·W J Pasman, M S Westerterp-Plantenga, E Muls, et al

The effectiveness of long-term fibre supplementation on weight maintenance in weight-reduced women.

RCTn = 31Physique -

Longitudinal RCT of 31 obese women investigating the effect of 20 g daily guar gum supplementation on weight maintenance after weight loss. No significant effect on weight maintenance, blood lipids, blood pressure, or energy intake was found after 14 months.

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1997·Digestive diseases and sciences·J Schönfeld, D F Evans, D L Wingate

Effect of viscous fiber (guar) on postprandial motor activity in human small bowel.

RCTn = 12

The study investigated the effect of guar gum on small bowel motor response in human volunteers. Guar gum significantly prolonged the duration of postprandial motility pattern after glucose drink and solid meal, but did not affect contractile activity. The findings suggest that increased meal viscosity due to guar gum delays gastric emptying and intestinal transit.

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1997·The American journal of clinical nutrition·D E Blake, C J Hamblett, P G Frost, et al

Wheat bread supplemented with depolymerized guar gum reduces the plasma cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolemic human subjects.

RCTn = 11Heart Health

Randomized, double-blind crossover study of 11 subjects with moderately raised plasma cholesterol, comparing the effects of depolymerized guar gum wheat bread to control bread over two 3-week periods. The guar gum treatment significantly reduced total plasma cholesterol concentration by 10%, primarily due to a reduction in low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol.

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1996·Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·S J Gatenby, P R Ellis, L M Morgan, et al

Effect of partially depolymerized guar gum on acute metabolic variables in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

RCTn = 14Nutrition

RCT with 14 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes testing the effect of guar gum in bread on postprandial metabolic variables. Guar gum bread significantly reduced postprandial blood glucose, plasma insulin, and plasma GIP levels compared to control, suggesting increased hepatic extraction of insulin.

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1993·Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology·M Makkonen, A L Simpanen, S Saarikoski, et al

Endocrine and metabolic effects of guar gum in menopausal women.

RCTn = 30Womens Health -Heart Health -

Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of guar gum (15 g/day) in 30 menopausal women over 6 months. Climacteric symptoms decreased significantly in both groups, but no significant changes were observed in serum hormone levels, lipid profiles, blood glucose, body weight, or blood pressure.

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1993·The American journal of clinical nutrition·P H Groop, A Aro, S Stenman, et al

Long-term effects of guar gum in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

RCTn = 15Nutrition Heart Health

RCT studying the effects of 15 g/day guar gum on glycemic control, lipids, and insulin secretion in 15 diet-treated subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus over 48 weeks. Guar gum improved long-term glycemic control, postprandial glucose tolerance, and lipid concentrations, and enhanced insulin secretion as indicated by increased C-peptide response.

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1992·The American journal of clinical nutrition·K Landin, G Holm, L Tengborn, et al

Guar gum improves insulin sensitivity, blood lipids, blood pressure, and fibrinolysis in healthy men.

RCTn = 25Heart Health Inflammation Nutrition

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study in 25 healthy men tested the effect of guar gum on glucose and lipid metabolism, blood pressure, and fibrinolysis. Guar gum treatment decreased fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure, and increased insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue-glucose uptake compared to placebo.

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1992·The British journal of nutrition·S E Higham, N W Read

The effect of ingestion of guar gum on ileostomy effluent.

RCTn = 5Gut Health

Randomized, paired studies on five healthy volunteers with terminal ileostomies investigated the effect of 15 g of guar gum in the diet on ileostomy effluent. Guar gum increased outputs of fat, protein, sodium, potassium, dry weight, and water, but did not significantly alter carbohydrate, calcium, and phosphorus outputs. It reduced the viscosity of the effluent and fat absorption, indicating complex mechanisms in small intestinal function.

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1990·Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·B C Lalor, D Bhatnagar, P H Winocour, et al

Placebo-controlled trial of the effects of guar gum and metformin on fasting blood glucose and serum lipids in obese, type 2 diabetic patients.

RCTn = 19Nutrition

Randomized double-blind, double-placebo, cross-over study of 19 obese patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with placebo, guar gum, and metformin. Guar gum decreased fasting blood glucose and reduced serum cholesterol due to an effect on low density lipoproteins.

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1990·International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology·M Uusitupa, H Södervik, M Silvasti, et al

Effects of a gel forming dietary fiber, guar gum, on the absorption of glibenclamide and metabolic control and serum lipids in patients with non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes.

RCTn = 9Nutrition Heart Health

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study with 9 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes to evaluate the effects of guar gum on glibenclamide absorption, metabolic control, and serum lipids. Guar gum improved fasting blood glucose and serum total cholesterol levels compared to placebo, without affecting glibenclamide absorption.

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1989·The American journal of clinical nutrition·M Uusitupa, O Siitonen, K Savolainen, et al

Metabolic and nutritional effects of long-term use of guar gum in the treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes of poor metabolic control.

RCTn = 39Nutrition Heart Health

RCT of 39 patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes comparing guar gum to placebo for 3 months, followed by a 10-month open trial. Guar gum reduced serum total cholesterol levels significantly, but no significant changes were observed in fasting blood glucose or glycosylated hemoglobin A1 levels. Serum vitamin A level was slightly lowered and plasma zinc level elevated during the open trial.

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1989·Atherosclerosis·J Tuomilehto, M Silvasti, V Manninen, et al

Guar gum and gemfibrozil--an effective combination in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia.

RCTn = 29Heart Health

Double-blind cross-over trial in 29 hypercholesterolaemic patients evaluating the hypocholesterolaemic effects of a gemfibrozil-guar gum combination versus gemfibrozil-placebo. Guar gum significantly reduced serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels compared to placebo, with a marked improvement in HDL/LDL ratio.

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1989·Diabetes care·K M Behall, D J Scholfield, M E McIvor, et al

Effect of guar gum on mineral balances in NIDDM adults.

RCTn = 16

RCT of 16 NIDDM adults supplemented with guar gum or placebo bars for 6 months. Guar gum consumption did not significantly change mineral balance for iron, copper, zinc, calcium, manganese, or magnesium compared to placebo.

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1988·Atherosclerosis·J Tuomilehto, M Silvasti, A Aro, et al

Long term treatment of severe hypercholesterolaemia with guar gum.

RCTn = 23Heart Health

RCT studying the long-term efficacy of granulated guar gum (15-30 g per day) in 23 patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia. Serum total cholesterol concentration was significantly reduced after 8 and 50 weeks of treatment, with LDL-cholesterol and apoprotein B levels also decreasing. No significant changes were observed in serum triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, body weight, or blood pressure.

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1988·The American journal of clinical nutrition·P Ebeling, H Yki-Järvinen, A Aro, et al

Glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes: the effect of guar gum.

RCTn = 9Nutrition

RCT examining the effect of guar gum on glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in nine type 1 diabetic patients. Guar gum reduced postprandial blood glucose, insulin requirements, and serum total cholesterol levels, but did not change HbA1 or insulin sensitivity.

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1986·Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·S Vaaler, K F Hanssen, K Dahl-Jørgensen, et al

Diabetic control is improved by guar gum and wheat bran supplementation.

RCTn = 28Nutrition

RCT with 28 insulin-dependent diabetics testing dietary regimes with guar gum and wheat bran supplementation. Both supplements significantly decreased postprandial blood glucose levels, with guar gum also reducing total cholesterol.

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1986·Diabetes care·M A Van Duyn, T A Leo, M E McIvor, et al

Nutritional risk of high-carbohydrate, guar gum dietary supplementation in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

RCTn = 16Nutrition

Double-blind, randomized clinical trial of 16 subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus assessing high-carbohydrate, guar gum fiber supplementation. The supplementation blunted postprandial blood glucose levels and altered food consumption patterns without impairing nutritional integrity. Some nutrient intakes increased, while others were suboptimal.

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1986·Atherosclerosis·M E McIvor, C C Cummings, M A Van Duyn, et al

Long-term effects of guar gum on blood lipids.

RCTn = 16

RCT of 16 adult volunteers with Type II diabetes mellitus consuming granola bars with or without 6.6 g guar gum over 6 months. LDL-C was lower and triglycerides higher at 6 months, but changes were similar in both groups. Only triglyceride change was statistically significant. In men, the guar group showed a significant decrease in LDL, suggesting potential gender-specific effects.

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1986·Clinical science (London, England : 1979)·T R Trinick, M F Laker, D G Johnston, et al

Effect of guar on second-meal glucose tolerance in normal man.

RCTn = 6Nutrition

RCT studying the effect of guar gum on glucose tolerance in six healthy volunteers. Guar gum significantly reduced plasma glucose concentrations and total oral glucose absorption, and lowered serum insulin levels, suggesting improved second-meal glucose tolerance.

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1985·JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition·E J Harju, T K Larmi

Effect of guar gum added to the diet of patients with duodenal ulcer.

RCTn = 20Gut Health

RCT examining the effects of 5 g of guar gum added to the diet of 20 patients with duodenal ulcer. Ten patients experienced evident benefit, while five had some help, and four saw no effect. Guar gum was associated with increased feelings of repletion after meals, but caused severe gastric retention in one patient with pyloric stenosis.

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1984·The British journal of nutrition·N A Blackburn, A M Holgate, N W Read

Does guar gum improve post-prandial hyperglycaemia in humans by reducing small intestinal contact area?

RCTn = 20Nutrition

RCT investigating the effect of guar gum on post-prandial blood glucose levels in 20 healthy human volunteers. Guar gum delayed mouth-to-caecum transit time and gastric emptying but did not significantly affect the distribution of glucose in the small intestine. The maximum blood glucose response was slightly reduced, suggesting limited impact on glucose tolerance.

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1984·Annals of clinical research·M Uusitupa, J Tuomilehto, P Karttunen, et al

Long term effects of guar gum on metabolic control, serum cholesterol and blood pressure levels in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with high blood pressure.

RCTn = 17Heart Health Inflammation

A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 17 Type 2 diabetic patients studied the effects of guar gum on metabolic control, serum lipids, and blood pressure. Guar gum treatment resulted in a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure and a slight, non-significant improvement in metabolic control. Serum total cholesterol was 11% lower after guar gum treatment, suggesting a potential reduction in cardiovascular risk.

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1984·The American journal of clinical nutrition·A Aro, M Uusitupa, E Voutilainen, et al

Effects of guar gum in male subjects with hypercholesterolemia.

RCTn = 14

Double-blind, cross-over trial with 14 male subjects with hypercholesterolemia receiving 15 g/day of guar gum or placebo for 12 weeks. Significant reduction in serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was observed after 6 weeks on guar gum compared to placebo, but the effect decreased by 12 weeks. No significant changes in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, body weight, or mineral levels were noted.

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1983·Human nutrition. Clinical nutrition·J Tuomilehto, P Karttunen, S Vinni, et al

A double-blind evaluation of guar gum in patients with dyslipidaemia.

RCTn = 10Heart Health

Double-blind crossover study evaluating the effect of 15 g/d guar gum granules on blood lipids in twelve obese hypercholesterolaemic patients. Serum total cholesterol decreased during the guar gum period in eight of the ten patients who completed the study, with no significant changes in HDL-cholesterol or body weight.

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1981·The American journal of clinical nutrition·A R Khan, G Y Khan, A Mitchel, et al

Effect of guar gum on blood lipids.

RCTn = 24Heart Health

Double-blind RCT of 24 healthy volunteers studying the effect of 9.0 g/day guar gum on blood lipids over 4 weeks. Guar gum significantly lowered serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but had no significant effect on triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, or very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

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1981·Diabetologia·A Aro, M Uusitupa, E Voutilainen, et al

Improved diabetic control and hypocholesterolaemic effect induced by long-term dietary supplementation with guar gum in type 2 (insulin-independent) diabetes.

RCTn = 9Nutrition Heart Health

Double-blind, cross-over trial of dietary supplementation with guar gum (21 g/day) in 11 Type 2 diabetes patients, with 9 completing the study. Guar gum significantly reduced basal and post-prandial hyperglycaemia, urinary glucose excretion, and serum total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, without affecting bodyweight or HDL-cholesterol levels.

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1980·The Medical journal of Australia·M Cohen, V W Leong, E Salmon, et al

Role of guar and dietary fibre in the management of diabetes mellitus.

RCTn = 22Nutrition -

Single-blind controlled trial of 22 obese, poorly controlled diabetic outpatients testing guar gum, bran, or placebo added to diet. Over three months, no changes in weight or blood glucose levels were observed. Guar gum did not produce long-term improvements in diabetic control.

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1979·Lancet (London, England)·D J Jenkins, R H Taylor, R Nineham, et al

Combined use of guar and acarbose in reduction of postprandial glycaemia.

RCTn = 8Nutrition

RCT involving 8 healthy volunteers testing the combination of guar gum and acarbose on postprandial glycaemia. The combination reduced the mean peak rise in blood-glucose at 30 min by 70% and decreased insulin and gastrointestinal-polypeptide response curves without causing carbohydrate malabsorption.

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1979·The British journal of nutrition·T M Wolever, D J Jenkins, R Nineham, et al

Guar gum and reduction of post-prandial glycaemia: effect of incorporation into solid food, liquid food, and both.

RCTn = 5Nutrition

The study investigated the effect of guar gum on post-prandial glycaemia in five subjects using meals of bread and soup containing 5 or 10 g guar gum. Guar gum significantly reduced the peak increase of blood glucose and insulin, with the greatest reduction observed when 10 g was used (5 g in bread and 5 g in soup). The results suggest that guar gum is most effective when added to the liquid phase of a meal.

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1977·Annals of internal medicine·D J Jenkins, A R Leeds, M A Gassull, et al

Decrease in postprandial insulin and glucose concentrations by guar and pectin.

RCTn = 8Nutrition

RCT studying the effects of guar gum and pectin on postprandial glycaemia and serum insulin levels. Guar gum and pectin reduced blood glucose and insulin levels after carbohydrate-containing meals, suggesting potential benefits for dietary control of diabetes.

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