Research

Gotu Kola

90 peer-reviewed studies curated from PubMed and Semantic Scholar.

0
Meta-analyses
0
Systematic reviews
5
RCTs
85
Other studies
RCTs (6%)

Studies

Sorted by quality and recency

2023·Scientific reports·Worrapan Poomanee, Nara Yaowiwat, Tunpidcha Pattarachaidaecharuch, et al

Optimized multiherbal combination and in vivo anti-skin aging potential: a randomized double blind placebo controlled study.

RCTn = 60Skin Hair Health

RCT of a multi-herbal combination emulsion containing Centella asiatica, Momordica cochinchinensis, and Phyllanthus emblica for anti-skin aging. The study found significantly improved skin hydration, elasticity, and reduced wrinkles after 60 days of application, with no reported skin irritation.

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2022·Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation·Jatuporn Phoemsapthawee, Watthanaree Ammawat, Piyapong Prasertsri, et al

Does Gotu kola supplementation improve cognitive function, inflammation, and oxidative stress more than multicomponent exercise alone? – a randomized controlled study

RCTn = 60Brain Health Inflammation

A randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of Gotu kola supplementation combined with multicomponent exercise on cognitive function, inflammation, and oxidative stress in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Sixty participants were divided into three groups: exercise only, exercise with Gotu kola, and placebo. Both exercise groups showed improvements in cognitive tests and reductions in inflammatory markers compared to placebo. Gotu kola supplementation did not enhance cognitive function further but may improve exercise effects on executive function by reducing TNF-α levels.

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2019·Planta Medica·Phanit Songvut, Pajaree Chariyavilaskul, M. Tantisira, et al

Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Standardized Extract of Centella asiatica (ECa 233) Capsules in Healthy Thai Volunteers: A Phase 1 Clinical Study

RCT

Phase 1 clinical study investigating the safety and pharmacokinetics of a standardized extract of Centella asiatica (ECa 233) in healthy Thai volunteers. The study found that the pharmacokinetics of ECa 233 in humans differed from animal studies, with low plasma concentrations of parent compounds and higher values for metabolites. The extract was well tolerated at both 250 and 500 mg doses.

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2016·International journal of colorectal disease·Michele Schiano di Visconte, Francesco Nicolì, Roberto Del Giudice, et al

Effect of a mixture of diosmin, coumarin glycosides, and triterpenes on bleeding, thrombosis, and pain after stapled anopexy: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

RCTn = 182Inflammation

RCT evaluating the efficacy of Venoplant, a mixture of diosmin, coumarin glycosides, and Centella asiatica, in 182 patients post-stapled anopexy. Venoplant reduced bleeding, decreased thrombosed internal hemorrhoids, and decreased postoperative pain compared to placebo.

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2013·Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics·Raimondo Forte, Gilda Cennamo, Paola Bonavolontà, et al

Long-term follow-up of oral administration of flavonoids, Centella asiatica and Melilotus, for diabetic cystoid macular edema without macular thickening.

RCTn = 70

RCT of 70 patients with diabetic cystoid macular edema without macular thickening, comparing oral administration of flavonoids, Centella asiatica, and Melilotus to a control group. The treatment group showed greater retinal sensitivity at months 12, 24, and 36, with no side effects observed.

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2024·Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences·Anbarasan Balu

Bioactive gel formulation of Centella Asiatica and Aloe vera for accelerated wound healing

StudySkin Hair Health

The study formulated a gel combining triterpene compounds from Centella asiatica with Aloe vera to enhance wound healing in diabetic patients. Characterization and stability studies were performed, indicating the combination shows promise for enhanced wound healing.

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2024·INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL, MINING, AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2022·K. Kartini, A. Rosidah, R. Budiono

Simple TLC-densitometric method for the quantification of asiaticoside in Centella asiatica from different origins for its standardization

Study

The study developed a TLC-densitometric method to quantify asiaticoside in gotu kola (Centella asiatica) from different origins. Asiaticoside concentrations varied across samples, with the highest content found in samples from Lombok Barat, Magelang, and Hulu Sungai Selatan.

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2024·Formosa Journal of Science and Technology·Susilawati Harahap

Bioactive Compound Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Test on Ethanol Extract of Gotu Kola Leaves (Centella Asiatica) with Different Solvent Concentrations

Study

The study analyzed the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of gotu kola (Centella Asiatica) leaves using different solvent concentrations. It identified the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, and saponins, with varying total flavonoid content and IC50 values depending on the ethanol concentration used.

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2024·Sains Malaysiana·Ika Dyah Kumalasari, Lubna Nur Fathiyya, Retnosyari Septiyani

Physicochemical, Microbiological and Organoleptic Properties of Cowpeas (Vigna Unguiculata) Yoghurt with The Addition of Gotu Kola Leaf (Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban) Extract

StudyNutrition

The study analyzed the physicochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic properties of cowpea yogurt with the addition of gotu kola leaf extract. It found that the addition of gotu kola leaf extract affects these properties, with variations in pH, viscosity, moisture, ash, fat, carbohydrate, protein content, antioxidant activity, and lactic acid bacteria levels.

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2024·Majalah Obat Tradisional·D. Devi, C. Darsih, Nunung Yuniarti, et al

Formulation and Antioxidant Activity of Gotu Kola Jelly Candy with Plant-based Polymers as a Gelling Agent

StudyBrain Health

The study explores the formulation of gotu kola jelly candy using plant-based polymers glucomannan and kappa-carrageenan as gelling agents. It evaluates the physical characteristics and antioxidant activity of gotu kola before and after the manufacturing process, finding a significant reduction in antioxidant activity post-production.

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2024·KESANS : International Journal of Health and Science·A. Sanna, Dwi Hendriani, Rivan Firdaus

Effect of Centella Asiatica Powder (gotu kola) Against Stretch Marks in Postpartum Mothers

StudySkin Hair Health

Quasi-experimental study on the effect of Centella Asiatica (gotu kola) powder on stretch marks in postpartum mothers. The intervention group showed improvement with most having faint stretch marks after treatment, compared to the control group.

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2024·INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY·P. Ha, B. H., T. R, et al

Evaluating the Efficacy of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) Extract in Enhancing Cognitive Function and Reducing Brain Fog in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment

StudyBrain Health Mental Clarity

The study evaluates the efficacy of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) extract in enhancing cognitive function and reducing brain fog in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. The ethanolic extract is obtained from the leaves of Centella asiatica.

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2023·Jurnal Riset Farmasi·Hanifah Arini Putri Hanifah Arini Putri, Dina Mulyanti

Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban)

Study

The study characterizes the simplicia and ethanol extract of gotu kola leaves (Centella asiatica). It includes organoleptic observations and standard parameter examinations, revealing the presence of flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, tannins, and steroids. The extraction was performed using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent.

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2023·Jurnal Biologi Tropis·D. Saputri, Zulfa Zakiah, Mukarlina Mukarlina

Growth of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in Salinity Stress Condition With Additional Biostimulan of Gotu Kola Extracts (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.)

Study

The study investigates the effect of gotu kola extract biostimulants on the growth of mungbean plants under salinity stress. The combination of NaCl and gotu kola extract significantly affected shoot and total fresh and dry weights, but not plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, or root weights. The best results were observed with 3.2‰ NaCl and 25 mg/L biostimulant.

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2023·Jurnal Biologi Tropis

Antimicrobial Activity of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) Leaf Extract as an Alternative to Herbal Beverage

Study

Experimental study investigating the antimicrobial properties of gotu kola (Centella asiatica) leaf extract. The extract inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, but not Aspergillus sp. The study highlights the potential of gotu kola as an antimicrobial herbal beverage.

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2023·Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences·Stareast Wulandari Sigiro, N. L. Arpiwi, N. M. S. Parwanayoni

Formulasi Body Mask dari Daun Pegagan (Centella asiatica L.) untuk Perawatan Kulit

StudySkin Hair Health

The study focuses on formulating a body mask using gotu kola (Centella asiatica) leaves for skin care. It evaluates the phytochemical content and formulation quality, finding positive results for steroids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. The preferred formulation includes 45 g of gotu kola leaf powder, with a pH of 5.41 and no skin irritation.

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2022·Agritech : Jurnal Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto·Desy Triastuti

ANALISIS SIFAT FISIKOKIMIA DAN SENSORI FRUIT LEATHER NANAS DENGAN PENAMBAHAN PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica L. Urban)

StudyNutrition

The study investigated the effect of adding gotu kola (Centella asiatica) and pectin on the physicochemical and sensory properties of pineapple fruit leather. The addition of gotu kola affected the pH value, brightness, yellowish degree, and sensory value of the fruit leather, with the best treatment showing specific physicochemical properties and being favored by panelists.

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2022·ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering·D. P. Sari, Shintya Yuniar, Siti Awalia Nur Fadillah, et al

The Effectiveness of Mugwort Leaf Extract and Gotu Kola Leaf Extract against Acne Bacterial Activity

StudySkin Hair Health

The study tested the antibacterial activity of mugwort and gotu kola leaf extracts against acne-causing bacteria. Mugwort leaf extract showed significant inhibition of bacterial growth, particularly against P. acnes, with the largest zone of inhibition at concentrations of 2.50% and 5.00%.

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2022·Trends in Sciences·N. S. Vinolina, R. Sigalingging

Growth and Secondary Metabolites Production of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Cultivated at Different Phosphate Application Rates in Acid Soil

Study

The study evaluated the growth responses and secondary metabolites production of Centella asiatica at different phosphate application rates in acid soil. The application of 40 kg ha-1 phosphate resulted in the highest biomass, while 20 kg ha-1 optimized secondary metabolites production.

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2021·IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering·A. Rahmawati, B. A. Fachri, S. Oktavia, et al

Extraction Bioactive Compound of Pegagan (Centella Asiatica L.) using Solvent-Free Microwave-Assisted Extraction

Study

The study focuses on the extraction of bioactive compounds from Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) using Solvent-Free Microwave-Assisted Extraction (SFME). The research optimizes extraction conditions and reports the highest yield of bioactive compounds, with significant effects from the mass of material used.

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2020·Aquaculture Reports·Naphakorn Srichaiyo, S. Tongsiri, S. Hoseinifar, et al

The effects gotu kola (Centella asiatica) powder on growth performance, skin mucus, and serum immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings

Animal studyn = 320Immunity

The study assessed the effects of gotu kola powder on skin mucus, serum immune response, and growth performance of Nile tilapia fingerlings. Fish fed 5 g/kg gotu kola powder showed significant improvements in skin mucus lysozyme and peroxidase activities, as well as serum lysozyme and peroxidase activities compared to the control group.

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2020·Medicinal & Aromatic Plants·Ogunka-Nnoka Cu, Igwe Fu, A. J, et al

Nutrient and Phytochemical Composition of Centella asiatica Leaves

Study

The study evaluated the nutrient and phytochemical composition of Centella asiatica leaves. It found significant levels of moisture, ash, protein, lipid, fiber, and carbohydrate, as well as bioactive compounds like proanthocyanin, rutin, and resveratrol, suggesting potential uses in pharmaceutical and food industries.

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2020·S. Saloko, Dody Handito, Nurul Nur Aeni

Encapsulation of Gotu Kola Leaf (Centella asiatica) Flavonoid in Instant Powder Drink Using Maltodextrin

Study

The study investigated the effect of maltodextrin concentration on the encapsulation of Gotu kola flavonoids in an instant powder drink using freeze-drying. The best treatment was with 75% maltodextrin, resulting in 63.50% flavonoid content, 74.40% antioxidant activity, and 98.10% encapsulation efficiency.

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2020·Nur Amallia, Z. A. Mas'ud, D. Ratnadewi

Production of Secondary Metabolite Compounds of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) Under Salinity and Drought Stress

Study

The study analyzes the effect of salinity and drought stress on biomass and triterpene compounds in gotu kola (Centella asiatica). It found that the highest levels of madecasosside and asiaticoside were under 100% field capacity and 1,000 ppm salt content, while biomass was lowest at 50% field capacity and 3,000 ppm salt content.

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2026·Frontiers in Medical Technology·Piriya Chonsut, Weeratian Tawanwongsri, Jomkarn Naphatthalung, et al

Evaluation of liposome-encapsulated Centella asiatica ethanolic extract for enhanced in vitro and in vivo wound healing

In vitroSkin Hair Health Inflammation

The study evaluated the efficacy of liposome-encapsulated Centella asiatica ethanolic extract (LEC) in wound healing using in vitro and in vivo models. LEC reduced inflammatory markers and enhanced fibroblast viability and migration in vitro. In vivo, LEC accelerated wound contraction and improved histological markers of healing in a rat model.

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2025·African Journal of Biomedical Research·Juli Novika Pesta Manurung, J. M. Siahaan, Endy Julianto, et al

Effect Of Gotu Kola Ethanol Extract (Centella Asiatica) On Epidermal Growth Factor, Malondialdehyde, And Alpha Glucosidase Levels In Wistar Strain White Rats With Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus

Animal study

The study investigates the effect of Gotu Kola ethanol extract on epidermal growth factor, malondialdehyde, and alpha glucosidase levels in Wistar strain white rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.

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2025·Jurnal Pijar Mipa·A. A. I. M. Padmiswari, Nadya Tressna Wulansari, K. Harditya

The Administration of a Combined Extract of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) and Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Leaves on the Brain Cell Count of Stressed Male Mice (Mus musculus)

Animal studyBrain Health

The study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of a combined extract of gotu kola and peppermint leaves on brain cell count in stressed male mice. The extract significantly reduced neuronal damage and increased the number of normal brain cells, with the highest dose showing effects similar to the non-stressed control group.

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2025·Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research·Helda Syahfari, Rifki Ihsan Saputra, Zikri Azham, et al

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica L.) Leaves against Pseudomonas solanacearum: Phytochemical Study and Bioactivity Testing

In vitro

The study investigates the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of gotu kola (Centella asiatica) leaves against Pseudomonas solanacearum. The extract contains secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids. The 5% concentration of the extract showed more effective antibacterial activity compared to higher concentrations.

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2024·Malahayati International Journal of Nursing and Health Science·Annisa Ridlayanti, Nurlatifah Nurlatifah, Maudy Lila Kartika, et al

Effectiveness of a nutrition education of gotu kola (Centella asiatica) as meals and nutritional health by mothers of young children with picky eating behaviour

Studyn = 30Nutrition

Pre-experimental study on the effect of gotu kola (Centella asiatica) food processing as a nutritional intervention for picky eaters among young children. The study involved 30 mothers and toddlers aged 3-6 years, showing a significant improvement in nutritional health post-intervention.

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2024·Molecules·Duc D Nguyen, Shomit Mansur, Lukasz M Ciesla, et al

A Combined Computational and Experimental Approach to Studying Tropomyosin Kinase Receptor B Binders for Potential Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

StudyBrain Health

The study developed a combined computational and experimental approach to study TrkB binders, using Gotu kola extracts. The docking method simulated binding affinity, and compounds from the NIH clinical collection library were tested for TrkB activation. The ability of compounds to increase dendritic arborization in hippocampal neurons matched computational results.

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2023·Journal Borneo·F. I. Armadany, Laode Muhammad Fitrawan, Fitri Rahmadani Saputri, et al

Combination of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica (L.)) Ethyl Acetate Extract and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as Burn Healing

Animal studySkin Hair Health

Animal study evaluating the burn healing effects of a combination of ethyl acetate extract of gotu kola and virgin coconut oil (VCO) in mice. The combination of 10% ethyl acetate extract of gotu kola in VCO showed the highest healing activity for burns, comparable to a market topical medicine.

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2023·Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA·J. Penelitian, Pendidikan Ipa, Fioni, et al

Antibacterial Activity Test of Gotu Kola Leaf Extract (Centella asiatica) Against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Isolated from Wounds of Diabetes Mellitus Patients

In vitro

Experimental laboratory study testing Gotu kola (Centella asiatica) leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wounds of diabetes mellitus patients. The study found that higher concentrations of Gotu kola extract resulted in larger inhibition zones, indicating antibacterial activity.

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2023·Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi·Riki Vernando, Mahyarudin Mahyarudin, Ambar Rialita

Aktivitas Antimikroba Bakteri Endofit Daun Pegagan (Centella asiatica L.) Terhadap Propionibacterium acnes

In vitroSkin Hair Health

The study investigated the antimicrobial activity of endophytic bacterial isolates from Centella asiatica leaves against Propionibacterium acnes. Using the disc diffusion method, 19 isolates showed antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 11.46 to 25.34 mm. Two isolates with the greatest activity were identified as belonging to the genus Aeromicrobium.

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2022·International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics·S. Karlina, Chaidir, Y. Farida

THE FORMULATION OF NANOEMULSION SERUM-CONTAINING GOTU KOLA EXTRACT (CENTELLA ASIATICA L. URBAN) AND CHIA SEED OIL (SALVIA HISPANICA) FOR SKIN HYDRATION EFFECT

Studyn = 20Skin Hair Health

The study formulated a nanoemulsion serum containing Centella asiatica extract and chia seed oil to assess its effect on skin hydration. Clinical testing on 20 respondents showed that the serum increased face skin moistness, with a 13.36% increase from the F1 formula and a 13.88% increase from the F4 formula.

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2022·Jurnal Pijar Mipa·Ida Ayu Manik Damayanti, Ni Wayan Sukma Antari, S. Megayanti

Antioxidant potential of gotu kola leaf extract (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) as an alternative to antihyperglycemic herbal drinks

Animal studyNutrition

The study evaluated the antihyperglycemic potential of Gotu kola leaf extract in diabetic male white mice. The extract showed strong antioxidant activity and significantly decreased blood sugar levels in diabetic mice over 21 days.

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2021·S. Yuliani, M. Akbar, Nurfidho Rochmafihro, et al

Effects of Centella asiatica L. On Spatial Memory and Bcl-2 Gene Expression in the Hippocampus of Rats Injected With Trimethyltin

Animal studyn = 60Brain Health Mental Clarity

Animal study investigating the effects of gotu kola extract on spatial memory and Bcl-2 gene expression in rats with memory impairment due to trimethyltin injection. Gotu kola extract improved spatial memory and increased Bcl-2 gene expression in the hippocampus, suggesting potential neuroprotective effects.

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2021·Journal of Health Sciences·Indria Indria, Asti Rahayu

Effectiveness of Gotu Kola Extract Lotion (Centella Asiatica) in Reducing Stretch Marks

Studyn = 12Skin Hair Health

Quasi-experimental study evaluating the effectiveness of Gotu Kola Extract (Centella asiatica) lotion on stretch marks in postpartum mothers. The study found significant improvements in skin pigmentation, moisture, and texture after one month of use.

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2021·ACS applied bio materials·Z. Arituluk, Jesse Horne, B. Adhikari, et al

Identification of TrkB Binders from Complex Matrices Using a Magnetic Drug Screening Nanoplatform.

In vitroBrain Health

The study used a magnetic drug screening nanoplatform to identify TrkB binders from Gotu Kola plant extracts. Some identified compounds matched with those linked to neuroprotective effects, suggesting potential therapeutic effects of Gotu Kola in dementia treatment.

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2021·N. Anwar, Mayta Novaliza Isda

Respons Pembentukan Kalus Daun Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.) dengan Penambahan Naphtalene Acetic Acid dan Benzyl Amino Purin Secara In Vitro

In vitro

The study investigated the effect of BAP and NAA on callus induction of Centella asiatica leaf explants using in vitro methods. The optimal callus formation was achieved with 1 mg/l BAP + 0.3 mg/l NAA, resulting in green callus covering the entire surface of explants.

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2020·Nigerian Journal of Animal Production·O. Ajayi, M. Olumide, G. Chioma, et al

Efficiency of Centella asiatica (Gotu kola) leaf meal as feed additive in broiler chicken diet

Animal studyn = 180

The study evaluated the use of dried Centella asiatica leaf meal (CALM) as a phytogenic feed additive in broiler chicken diets. 180 broiler chicks were divided into six dietary groups, including a control and varying percentages of CALM. The study found that a 4% inclusion of CALM improved average body weight, feed conversion ratio, and livability without detrimental effects on performance characteristics.

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2020·M. Yahya, Iif Hanifa Nurrosyidah

Antioxidant activity ethanol extract of gotu kola (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) with DPPH method (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Pikrilhidrazil)

In vitro

The study evaluated the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of gotu kola (Centella asiatica) using the DPPH method. The extract showed an IC 50 value of 78.20 ppm, indicating strong antioxidant properties.

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2020·Nutrition Research and Practice·D. Park, Hyelin Jeon, Rina So, et al

Centella asiatica extract prevents visual impairment by promoting the production of rhodopsin in the retina

Animal studyBrain Health

The study investigated the effects of Centella asiatica extract (CA-HE50) on retinal pigment cells and its protective effects against retinal damage in mice. CA-HE50 inhibited degeneration/apoptosis of the retina and maintained rhodopsin/opsin expression, suggesting its potential in preventing age-related eye degeneration.

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2020·Journal of ethnopharmacology·Taijin Lan, Qiaofeng Li, Ming Chang, et al

Lei-gong-gen formula granule attenuates hyperlipidemia in rats via cGMP-PKG signaling pathway.

Animal studyHeart Health

The study investigated the lipid-lowering effect of Lei-gong-gen formula granule (LFG) in a hyperlipidemia rat model. LFG reduced serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, and liver index, and alleviated hepatic steatosis. Network pharmacology identified bioactive ingredients and potential targets, with the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway involved in LFG's anti-hyperlipidemia effect.

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2020·Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity·S. A. A. Moqbel, Yuzhe He, Langhai Xu, et al

Rat Chondrocyte Inflammation and Osteoarthritis Are Ameliorated by Madecassoside

Animal studyJoint Bone Health Inflammation

The study investigated the effects of madecassoside (MA) on osteoarthritis (OA) in a rat model. MA significantly suppressed IL-1β-induced inflammatory markers and prevented cartilage degeneration, indicating its therapeutic potential in OA by reducing chondrocyte inflammation.

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2020·Nutrients·J. Choi, Zahra Khan, Seong-Min Hong, et al

The Mixture of Gotu Kola, Cnidium Fruit, and Goji Berry Enhances Memory Functions by Inducing Nerve-Growth-Factor-Mediated Actions Both In Vitro and In Vivo

Animal studyBrain Health

The study investigated the effects of a mixture of Gotu Kola, Cnidium fruit, and Goji berry on memory functions. The combination increased NGF concentration and neurite length in vitro and enhanced memory through NGF-mediated synapse maturation and CREB phosphorylation in the mouse hippocampus.

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2018·M. AuliaRahmaniati, M. Ulfah, Dewi Andini Kunti Mulangsari

STANDARISASI PARAMETER NON SPESIFIK EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica L.) DI DUA TEMPAT TUMBUH

Study

The study focuses on the standardization of non-specific parameters of ethanol extracts of Centella asiatica leaves from two locations, Tawangmangu and Kediri. It evaluates moisture content, total ash content, acid unsaturated ash content, drying shrinkage, specific gravity, and heavy metal contamination, comparing results to Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia standards.

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2016·Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research·R. Pal, Y. Pal, Pranay Wal, et al

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF N-HEPTACOSANYL OLEATE FROM THE WHOLE AERIAL PARTS OF CENTELLA ASIATICA LINN.

Study

The study involves the phytochemical analysis of an ethanolic extract from the aerial parts of Centella asiatica. The extraction and isolation process led to the characterization of n-heptacosanyl oleate using various spectral data analysis techniques.

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2025·Jurnal Pijar Mipa·A. A. I. M. Padmiswari, Ni Wayan Sukma Antari, Ida Bagus Maha Gandamayu, et al

Comparison of the Effects of a Combination of Centella asiatica and Mentha piperita Leaf Extracts on the Number of Normal Brain Cells in Male Mice (Mus musculus)

Animal studyn = 25Brain Health

Animal study comparing the effects of Centella asiatica and Mentha piperita leaf extracts on hippocampal neurons in stressed male mice. The combination of extracts showed the most optimal neuroprotective effect, with neuron numbers approaching those of the negative control group.

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2025·International Journal of Ecophysiology·R. Wahyuni, Suriwahyuni, Annisa Hazrina Saif, et al

Centella asiatica: Alzheimer's Neuroprotective

ReviewBrain Health

The study reviews the neuroprotective effects of Centella asiatica (gotu kola) against Alzheimer's disease. It highlights the role of triterpenoid compounds like asiaticoside, madecid acid, and asiatic acid in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, reducing ROS production, and improving nerve function.

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2025·International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology·S.V. Pawar

Study on Formulation and Evaluation of Nanofiber-Based Transdermal Patch for Diabetes and Wound Care using Herbal Extracts of Gotu Kola and Moringa Oleifera: A Review

Review

This review examines the use of herbal-based nanofiber transdermal patches incorporating Gotu Kola and Moringa Oleifera for diabetes and wound care. It discusses the pharmacological activities, formulation strategies, and evaluation parameters of these herbal extracts, highlighting their potential in promoting wound healing and managing diabetes.

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2025·Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA·Ratna Lestyana Dewi, Ratna Yuniati, Yasman

Utiliization of Natural Compound from Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.) and Their Potential Role in the Health Sector

ReviewSkin Hair Health Brain Health Stress Joint Bone Health

This narrative review discusses the health benefits of Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola), including wound healing, cognitive enhancement, anxiety reduction, and treatment of skin conditions. It highlights the plant's bioactive compounds and their pharmacological activities, while noting the need for further research to optimize therapeutic applications.

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2024·Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal·P. Thakurdesai, Pooja Abhay Bhalerao, U. Aswar

Intranasal Administration of Standardized Extract of Gotu Kola Leaves Against Nitroglycerine-Induced Recurrent Migraine-Like Pain in Rats

Animal studyn = 12Stress

Animal study evaluating the efficacy of intranasal administration of a standardized extract of Gotu kola (Centella asiatica) against nitroglycerine-induced recurrent migraine-like pain in rats. The extract prevented migraine-like pain, photophobia, and stress in a dose-dependent manner.

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2024·Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal·P. Thakurdesai, S. Nimse, P. Kore, et al

Standardized Extract from the Gotu Kola Leaves Improves Suicidal Behavior in Stressed Rats Subjected to Social Isolation

Animal studyn = 6Stress

The study evaluated the effects of a standardized extract from Gotu Kola leaves (INDCA) on stress-induced suicidal behavior-related traits in rats. INDCA-treated rats showed a dose-dependent reduction in stress-induced behavioral traits and elevated plasma cortisol levels, suggesting its potential as a natural option for managing stress-induced behavioral disorders.

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2024·Letters in Applied NanoBioScience

Update Review: Extraction, Purification, and Pharmacological Activities of Gotu Kola Terpenoids

Review

This review compares extraction methods, purification processes, and pharmacological activities of gotu kola terpenoids. It discusses conventional and non-conventional extraction methods and purification using HPLC techniques. Pharmacological activities of Centella asiatica terpenoids include antimicrobial, wound healing, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antidiabetic, and hyperglycemic effects.

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2024·Pharmaceutics·Katarzyna Witkowska, Magdalena Paczkowska-Walendowska, Ewa Garbiec, et al

Topical Application of Centella asiatica in Wound Healing: Recent Insights into Mechanisms and Clinical Efficacy

ReviewSkin Hair Health

This review discusses the mechanisms and clinical efficacy of Centella asiatica, particularly in wound healing through topical applications. It highlights active compounds like asiaticoside and madecassoside that enhance collagen synthesis and modulate inflammation. Innovative delivery systems such as hydrogels and microneedles are shown to accelerate wound healing and improve recovery times.

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2024·International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies·Chougala Ankita, Shetti Priya, M. Shreya, et al

Centella asiatica: A Comprehensive Pharmacological Review of its Therapeutic Potential

ReviewBrain Health Stress Inflammation Skin Hair Health

Narrative review of Centella asiatica, also known as gotu kola, examining its pharmacological characteristics, chemical makeup, and therapeutic uses. The herb has anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anticonvulsant, and antioxidant properties, with potential benefits for memory, anxiety reduction, and wound healing.

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2023·Medical Sains : Jurnal Ilmiah Kefarmasian·Marini Marini, Nur Azizah, Devin Nur Rohman, et al

EFFECTIVENESS TEST OF WOUND PATCH PREPARATIONS OF GOTU KOLA LEAF EXTRACT (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.) ON INCISION WOUND IN RABBITS

Animal studyn = 5Skin Hair Health

The study tested the effectiveness of transdermal patches containing gotu kola leaf extract on incision wounds in rabbits. The 16% gotu kola extract patch significantly reduced wound length compared to controls, with the best wound healing effect observed at this concentration, achieving wound closure in an average of 12 days.

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2023·Edu Masda Journal·Bheta Sari Dewi, Ayu Werawati

STUDI LITERATUR KHASIAT KOMBINASI EKSTRA HERBA PEGAGAN DAN EKSTRAK DAUN LIDAH BUAYA SEBAGAI ANTIAGING

ReviewSkin Hair Health

Literature review evaluating the efficacy of a combination of gotu kola herb extract and aloe vera leaf extract as antiaging agents. The combination is suggested to increase collagen and elastin production, reducing signs of aging such as wrinkles and fine lines, and protecting the skin from sun damage.

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2023·Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry·Anjali M. Wankhade, Poonam C. Rahangdale

A Review on Centella asiatica: A Potential Herbal Cure

Review

Narrative review on Centella asiatica, also known as gotu kola, highlighting its wide range of pharmacological properties including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, and more. The review discusses its therapeutic uses in skin conditions and other health benefits.

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2023·Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis·Larysa Fernenda, Arba Pramundita Ramadhani, Yandi Syukri

Aktivitas pegagan (Centella asiatica) pada dermatologi

ReviewSkin Hair Health

This review collects data on the activity of Centella asiatica extracts in dermatology, highlighting its role in treating skin diseases and lesions. It discusses the phytochemicals asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid, which contribute to its pharmacological activity, including fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and melanogenesis modulation.

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2022·Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung·Patonah, Agus Sulaeman, Dimas R. Pambudi

ATHEROROTEKTIF EFEK PEGAGAN (CENTELLA ASIATICA L.) DAN KUNYIT (CURCUMA LONGA L.) DALAM SEDIAAN JUS PADA MODEL HEWAN HIPERLIPIDEMIA

Animal studyn = 30Heart Health

Animal study on male Wistar rats to determine the protective effect of gotu kola and turmeric juice on dyslipidemia. The study showed improvement in lipid profiles, decreased atherogenic and liver indices, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, indicating an atheroprotective effect.

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2022·World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews·Krupa Samuel, Anuradha Medikeri, T. Pasha, et al

Centella asiatica: A traditional herbal medicine

Review

The article reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, and toxicology of Centella asiatica, a traditional herbal medicine used in various systems like Chinese, Ayurvedic, and Unani medicine for memory enhancement, nervous system disorders, and skin treatments.

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2022·Plants·Irfan Bashir Ganie, Z. Ahmad, A. Shahzad, et al

Biotechnological Intervention and Secondary Metabolite Production in Centella asiatica L.

ReviewBrain Health

The review provides information on biotechnological tools for the propagation and secondary metabolite production of Centella asiatica, an herb known for its neuroprotective activity. It discusses in vitro propagation, regeneration, synthetic seed production, and strategies for triterpenoid biosynthesis.

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2021·PharmacoEconomics·Grace Laury Tulung, Widdhi Bodhi, Jainer Pasca Siampa

UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) SEBAGAI ANTIDIABETES TERHADAP TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (Rattus norvegicus) YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN

Animal studyn = 15Nutrition

The study evaluated the antidiabetic effectiveness of ethanol extract of gotu kola leaf (Centella asiatica) on male white rats induced with alloxan. The results showed that the extract had antidiabetic effectiveness, as indicated by decreased blood glucose levels.

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2021·Indonesian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapy·Abdul Gofir, S. Wibowo, M. Hakimi

Potential neurological applications of Centella asiatica: a brief review

ReviewBrain Health

Narrative review of studies on Centella asiatica (gotu kola) for its neuroprotective effects in animal models of neurological conditions like epilepsy, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases. The review highlights the potential of triterpenoids in C. asiatica for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties.

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2021·Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM·Kyoung-Sik Park

Pharmacological Effects of Centella asiatica on Skin Diseases: Evidence and Possible Mechanisms

ReviewSkin Hair Health

Narrative review of Centella asiatica's pharmacological effects on skin diseases, highlighting its therapeutic properties and underlying molecular mechanisms. The review discusses its effects on acne, burns, atopic dermatitis, and wounds through various signaling pathways.

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2020·I. M. S. Harsa

Efek Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Pegagan (Centella Asiatica) Terhadap Penyembuhan Luka Sayat Pada Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus Norvegicus) Galur Wistar

Animal studyn = 30Skin Hair Health

This study investigated the effect of gotu kola leaf extract (Centella asiatica) on wound healing in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) of the Wistar strain. The treatment group receiving gotu kola extract showed significant improvement in wound healing compared to control groups.

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2020·Journal of Bionursing·Hernayanti Hernayanti, Sri Lestari

Penurunan Toksisitas Kadmium Dengan Kelator Alami Pegagan (Centella Asiatica) Ditinjau dari Kadar Malondialdehid (MDA) dan Superoksida Dismutase (SOD)

Animal studyn = 24Inflammation

The study investigated the effect of Centella asiatica as a natural chelator for cadmium poisoning and as an antioxidant in rats. Results showed that Centella asiatica reduced MDA levels and increased SOD levels, with a dose of 40mg/200gBB being effective.

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2020·African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines·D. C. R. Sari, W. Setyaningsih, Rizky Nur Mainichi, et al

Centella Asiatica (GOTU KOLA) TREATMENT ATTENUATES PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS IN LIVER OF RATS WITH ELECTRICAL FOOT SHOCK STRESS MODEL

Animal studyn = 24Inflammation

The study investigated the effects of Centella asiatica (CeA) on pro-inflammatory mediator expression in the liver of rats subjected to electrical foot shock stress. CeA treatment prevented the up-regulation of inflammatory markers such as NFκB and TNF-α, and modulated apoptotic markers, suggesting its anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects.

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2020·Aila Jiwandini

KADAR ENZIM TRANSAMINASE (SGPT, SGOT) DAN GAMMA GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASE (γ -GT) PADA AYAM PETELUR FASE LAYER YANG DIBERI EKSTRAK PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica)

Animal studyn = 20

The study investigated the hepatoprotective activity of Centella asiatica extract in laying hens by measuring the levels of SGOT, SGPT, and γ-GT enzymes. The administration of gotu kola extract showed significant differences in enzyme levels, indicating potential liver health benefits.

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2020·Frontiers in Pharmacology·Bo-ju Sun, Lili Wu, You Wu, et al

Therapeutic Potential of Centella asiatica and Its Triterpenes: A Review

ReviewBrain Health Skin Hair Health Inflammation Immunity

Narrative review summarizing the effects of Centella asiatica and its triterpenoids on various diseases, including neurological and skin diseases. The review highlights anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptotic effects, and improvement in mitochondrial function, though further clinical studies are needed due to low evidence levels.

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2020·M. Ago, Diki Prawira Adifa

Benefits of Gotu Kola Leaf in Responding to Prevent The Form of Keloid in The Wound

ReviewSkin Hair Health

This literature review reports on the role of gotu kola leaf content in preventing keloid formation by increasing fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and inhibiting inflammation. The synthesis of articles found that gotu kola leaves can inhibit the formation of keloids in wounds.

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2020·International Journal of Advanced Academic Studies·Anilkumar Kk

Centella asiatica (L.) urban: A review on panoramic exploration of medicinal marvels for health and healing

ReviewInflammation Skin Hair Health Brain Health Stress

This narrative review explores the medicinal uses of Centella asiatica, highlighting its phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties. The plant has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound healing activities, with potential applications in dermatology, inflammatory diseases, and neuroprotection. The review emphasizes the need for further research to validate its efficacy and safety.

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2019·Parapemikir : Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi·Purgiyanti Purgiyanti, Anny Victor Purba, Hendig Winarno

Penentuan Kadar Fenol Total Dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Kombinasi Ekstrak Herba Pegagan (Centella asiatica L. Urban) Dan Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa(Scheff.) Boerl.)

In vitroInflammation

The study determined the total phenol content and antioxidant activity of a combination of herbal extracts from Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) and Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa). The combination showed a total phenol content of 3.67 mg GAE/100 g extract and demonstrated antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 67.07 mg/mL.

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2018·Journal of Young Pharmacists·Silvia Surini, Sarah, Joshita Djajadisastra

Formulation and in vitro Penetration Study of Transfersomes Gel Containing Gotu Kola Leaves Extract (Centella asiatica L. Urban)

In vitroSkin Hair Health

The study prepared and characterized transfersomes containing gotu kola leaves extract for enhanced skin penetration. The F1 transfersomes showed the best characteristics and were formulated into a gel, demonstrating increased subcutaneous penetration of asiaticoside compared to a control gel.

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2016·Molecular Medicine Reports·Myung-Joo Choi, Hong-Mei Zheng, Jae Min Kim, et al

Protective effects of Centella asiatica leaf extract on dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury in rats

Animal studyInflammation

The study investigated the protective effects of Centella asiatica on dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury in rats. Centella asiatica significantly decreased liver weights, alleviated liver tissue damage, increased antioxidant enzyme levels, and reduced inflammatory mediators, suggesting hepatoprotective effects.

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2016·Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM·Hui Jiang, Guoshuai Zheng, Junwei Lv, et al

Identification of Centella asiatica's Effective Ingredients for Inducing the Neuronal Differentiation

In vitroBrain Health

In vitro study of Centella asiatica fractions on PC12 cells to assess neuronal differentiation. Asiatic acid and madecassic acid were identified as key components promoting nerve differentiation through MEK signaling pathway, suggesting potential for neurodegenerative disease intervention.

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2016·Journal of baghdad college of dentistry·Alan N. Talabani

An In Vitro Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) on Inhibiting the Growth of Selected Microorganisms in Human Saliva

In vitro

In vitro study evaluating the effectiveness of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) extract on inhibiting the growth of microorganisms in human saliva. The study found that a concentration of 4 mg/ml inhibited Lactobacilli and 8 mg/ml inhibited S. aureus, while no inhibition was observed for Streptococci.

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2016·Oriental journal of chemistry·Kittiya Kesornbuakao, P. Yasurin

The Development of Centella asiatica Extract-Loaded BSA Nanoparticles Production to Improve Bioavailability

In vitro

The study developed Centella asiatica extract-loaded BSA nanoparticles (CBNP) to improve bioavailability. CBNP showed higher antibacterial activity against certain pathogens compared to free extracts and demonstrated promising bioavailability improvements. Antioxidant activity was higher in crude extracts than in CBNP.

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2016·Yusran Yusran, Asriani Ilyas, H. Saleh

Bioaktivitas Ekstrak Metanol Daun Pegagan (Centella Asiatica L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

In vitro

The study investigates the antibacterial activity of methanol extracts from red and green leaves of Centella Asiatica against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Both extracts inhibited bacterial growth, with optimal inhibition at 80% and 100% concentrations. The green leaf extract was more effective than the red leaf extract at 40% and 60% concentrations.

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2015·African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology·M. Qureshi, Mehjabeen, N. Jahan, et al

Evaluation of neuropharmacological, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the extract of Centella asiatica (Gotu kola) in mice

Animal studyInflammation Brain Health

The study evaluated the neuropharmacological, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects of Centella asiatica extract in mice. The extract showed CNS depressive effects, significant anti-inflammatory response, and reduced pain in mice, supporting its traditional use for treating painful and inflammatory conditions.

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2012·International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease·A. Soumyanath, Y. Zhong, E. Henson, et al

Centella asiatica Extract Improves Behavioral Deficits in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Investigation of a Possible Mechanism of Action

Animal studyBrain Health

The study investigates the effects of Centella asiatica extract (GKW) on a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. GKW attenuated β-amyloid-associated behavioral abnormalities and protected neuroblastoma cells from β-amyloid toxicity, suggesting a unique therapeutic mechanism for Alzheimer's disease.

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2019·Proceedings of the 2019 Ahmad Dahlan International Conference Series on Pharmacy and Health Science (ADICS-PHS 2019)·S. Yuliani, Nikmawati Linar

Effect of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) Extract Toward Expression of Caspase 3 of Hippocampus Pyramidal Cells on Dementia Model Rats Induced by Trimethyltin.

Animal studyn = 30Brain Health

The study investigated the effects of gotu kola extract on caspase 3 expression in the hippocampus of dementia model rats induced by trimethyltin. Gotu kola extract at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight reduced caspase 3 expression, suggesting an antiapoptotic effect on hippocampal pyramidal cells.

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2019·Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences·D. C. R. Sari, N. Arfian, U. Tranggono, et al

Centella asiatica (Gotu kola) ethanol extract up-regulates hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling in chronic electrical stress model in rats

Animal studyn = 20Brain Health

The study investigated the effects of Centella asiatica ethanol extracts on hippocampal signaling in a chronic electrical stress model in rats. The highest dose group showed improved memory performance and significant elevation of hippocampal BDNF protein and mRNA levels, with up-regulation of TrkB mRNA expression and ERK1/2 protein levels.

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2019·The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences : MJMS·N. Arfian, W. Setyaningsih, N. Anggorowati, et al

Ethanol Extract of Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) Attenuates Tubular Injury Through Inhibition of Inflammatory Cytokines and Enhancement of Anti-Fibrotic Factor in Mice with 5/6 Subtotal Nephrectomy

Animal studyn = 20Inflammation

The study investigated the effects of Centella asiatica on inflammation, fibrosis, and vascular remodeling in a 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy model in mice. CeA treatment attenuated vascular remodeling and upregulated nephrin, BMP-7, and E-cadherin mRNA expression, suggesting amelioration of renal injury.

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2016·Pharmaciana·Mochamad Akrom, N. Prasetyawan

Tablet kunyah ekstrak etanol herba pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.), Urban) menurunkan kadar kreatinin tikus putih jantan (Rattus norvegicus L.) galur wistar yang diberi diet lemak tinggi

Animal studyn = 21

The study evaluated the effect of chewable tablet dosage ethanol extract of gotu kola (TKEEHP) on kidney function in male Wistar rats on a high-fat diet. TKEEHP reduced creatinine levels but did not affect serum urea levels, with the highest dose of 300 mg/KgBW showing the most significant reduction in creatinine.

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2015·Archives in Cancer Research·R. Hamidpour, S. Hamidpour, M. Hamidpour, et al

Medicinal Property of Gotu kola (Centella asiatica) from the Selection of Traditional Applications to the Novel Phytotherapy

ReviewBrain Health Skin Hair Health Inflammation

This narrative review analyzes the remedial and memory enhancing capacities of Centella asiatica (gotu kola) in clinical and preclinical studies. It highlights its positive influence on skin conditions, wound healing, venous insufficiency, anti-inflammation, and Alzheimer's disease. The review suggests that C. asiatica may aid degenerative diseases with further research.

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2013·Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postȩpy Dermatologii I Alergologii·W. Bylka, Paulina Znajdek-Awiżeń, E. Studzińska-Sroka, et al

Centella asiatica in cosmetology

ReviewSkin Hair Health Inflammation

Narrative review of Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) in cosmetology, highlighting its effectiveness in improving treatment of wounds, burns, psoriasis, and scleroderma. It promotes fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and inhibits inflammation in hypertrophic scars and keloids. It may also be used for photoaging skin, cellulite, and striae.

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2012·International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease·M. Sabbagh, A. Porsteinsson, Anil K. Nair, et al

Novel Therapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease

ReviewBrain Health

The paper discusses various novel therapeutics in Alzheimer's disease, including a study on Centella asiatica extract in an AD mouse model. Orally administered Centella asiatica attenuated beta-amyloid-associated behavioral abnormalities in TG 2576 mice, suggesting potential benefits for brain health.

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2012·Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM·I. Orhan

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban: From Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine with Neuroprotective Potential

ReviewBrain Health

Narrative review of studies on the neuroprotective activity of Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola), highlighting its traditional use as a brain tonic and its potential mechanisms such as enzyme inhibition, prevention of amyloid plaque formation, and reduction of oxidative stress.

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