Research
DIM
15 peer-reviewed studies curated from PubMed and Semantic Scholar.
Studies
Sorted by quality and recency
Benzo[a]pyrene toxicokinetics in humans following dietary supplementation with 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) or Brussels sprouts.
The study examines the effect of dietary supplementation with Brussels sprouts or 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) on the toxicokinetics of [C]-benzo[a]pyrene ([C]-BaP) in humans. Both supplements reduced plasma levels of [C]-BaP and its metabolites, indicating altered absorption and clearance. This is the first human trial showing dietary intervention altering toxicokinetics of a known human carcinogen.
Effectiveness of 3,3'-Diindolylmethane Supplements on Favoring the Benign Estrogen Metabolism Pathway and Decreasing Body Fat in Premenopausal Women.
RCT evaluating the effectiveness of 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) supplementation on estrogen metabolism and body fat in 60 premenopausal women. DIM supplementation did not significantly increase the estrogen metabolites urine ratio (EMUR) but showed a significant decrease in body fat percentage compared to placebo.
Effect of diindolylmethane supplementation on low-grade cervical cytological abnormalities: double-blind, randomised, controlled trial.
RCT of 551 women with low-grade cervical cytological abnormalities comparing 150 mg diindolylmethane (DIM) to placebo for 6 months. The study found no significant effect of DIM on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia-2 or worse, or on HPV infection, though DIM was well tolerated.
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of diindolylmethane for breast cancer biomarker modulation in patients taking tamoxifen.
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 130 women taking tamoxifen for breast cancer, assessing the effects of BioResponse DIM (BR-DIM) on estrogen metabolism and tamoxifen metabolites. BR-DIM increased the 2/16α-OHE1 ratio and serum SHBG levels but reduced plasma tamoxifen metabolites. No change in breast density was observed.
3,3'-diindolylmethane modulates estrogen metabolism in patients with thyroid proliferative disease: a pilot study.
Phase I clinical trial investigating the antiestrogenic activity of 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) in patients with thyroid proliferative disease (TPD). Patients received 300mg of DIM per day for 14 days, resulting in detectable DIM levels in thyroid tissue, serum, and urine. DIM modulated estrogen metabolism, increasing the ratio of 2-hydroxyestrones to 16α-hydroxyestrone, suggesting potential antiestrogenic effects.
Oral diindolylmethane (DIM): pilot evaluation of a nonsurgical treatment for cervical dysplasia.
RCT evaluating oral diindolylmethane (DIM) as a treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or 3 lesions. 64 subjects were enrolled, with 45 in the DIM arm and 19 in the placebo arm. DIM was well tolerated with no significant toxicity, and a high rate of clinically significant improvement in CIN lesions was observed in both treatment groups.
Single-dose pharmacokinetics and tolerability of absorption-enhanced 3,3'-diindolylmethane in healthy subjects.
Single ascending dose clinical study of absorption-enhanced 3,3'-diindolylmethane (BR-DIM) in healthy subjects. The study assessed safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics, finding BR-DIM well tolerated at doses up to 200 mg, with mild adverse effects at 300 mg.
Comparison of dienogest effects upon 3,3'-diindolylmethane supplementation in models of endometriosis and clinical cases.
The study investigated the addition of 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) to dienogest therapy in models of endometriosis and a small cohort of women with endometriosis. DIM significantly reduced cell proliferation and estradiol secretion in endometriotic tissue, and improved bleeding patterns and pelvic pain in patients when combined with dienogest.
BRCA1 mRNA levels following a 4-6-week intervention with oral 3,3'-diindolylmethane.
RCT evaluating the effect of oral 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) on BRCA1 mRNA expression in 18 women, including 13 BRCA1 mutation carriers. The intervention group received 300mg DIM daily for 4-6 weeks, showing a 34% average increase in BRCA1 mRNA expression, with borderline significance. No significant change was observed in the control group.
3,3-Diindolylmethane (DIM): a nutritional intervention and its impact on breast density in healthy BRCA carriers. A prospective clinical trial.
Prospective clinical trial investigating the effect of DIM supplementation on breast density in 23 healthy female BRCA carriers. DIM supplementation for 1 year was associated with a significant decline in fibroglandular tissue amount on MRI, with no significant change in background parenchymal enhancement. Mean estradiol and testosterone levels also decreased.
Indole-3-Carbinol Derivative DIM Mitigates Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice by Inhibiting Inflammatory Response, Apoptosis and Regulating Oxidative Stress
The study investigates the effects of 3,3′-Diindolylmethane (DIM) on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice. DIM treatment significantly reduced serum transaminases, TNF-α, and ROS levels, inhibited apoptosis, and restored expression of Cytochrome P450 2E1, Nrf2, and HO-1, suggesting protective effects against liver injury through inhibition of ROS, reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators, and apoptosis.
Interactions between β-Lactoglobulin and 3,3′-Diindolylmethane in Model System
The study investigates interactions between 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) to explore whey protein-based systems for DIM protection and delivery. Findings indicate that DIM forms a complex with β-LG, enhancing fluorescence intensity and altering secondary structure, suggesting β-LG as a potential vehicle for DIM delivery.
3,3′-Diindolylmethane stimulates exosomal Wnt11 autocrine signaling in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells to enhance wound healing
The study evaluated 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) in enhancing the repairing effects of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) on a deep second-degree burn injury rat model. DIM-primed hucMSCs showed improved wound healing effects, related to the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and increased exosomal Wnt11 autocrine signaling.
Diindolylmethane suppresses ovarian cancer growth and potentiates the effect of cisplatin in tumor mouse model by targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)
The study investigates the effects of diindolylmethane (DIM) on ovarian cancer growth and its interaction with cisplatin in a tumor mouse model. DIM was found to induce apoptosis, inhibit STAT3 activation, and potentiate the effects of cisplatin, suggesting potential for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of ovarian cancer.
Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase by 3,3′-Diindolylmethane (DIM) Is Associated with Human Prostate Cancer Cell Death In Vitro and In Vivo
The study investigates the effects of 3,3′-Diindolylmethane (DIM) on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in human prostate cancer cells. Results show that DIM activates the AMPK signaling pathway, suppresses mTOR, down-regulates androgen receptor expression, and induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, suggesting its potential as an anti-cancer agent.