Research
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)
61 peer-reviewed studies curated from PubMed and Semantic Scholar.
Studies
Sorted by quality and recency
Effects of Prenatal DHA Dose on Infant Visual Attention.
This study assessed the effects of different doses of prenatal DHA supplementation (200 or 800 mg daily) on infant visual attention at 4 and 6 months. Infants of mothers supplemented with 800 mg/day of DHA showed shorter look durations during habituation, indicating more rapid visual learning, and a more mature pattern of HR-defined phases of attention. No effects were observed on infant HR or performance in the gap-overlap attention task.
Effect of enteral supplementation of DHA with or without ARA in preterm infants: a meta-analysis.
Meta-analysis assessing the effects of enteral DHA supplementation with or without ARA on morbidities in preterm infants. The study found an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) with DHA supplementation, but no significant effects on other major complications.
The effects of omega-3, DHA, EPA, Souvenaid® in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 studies with 2766 subjects on the effects of n-3-PUFA, EPA, DHA, and Souvenaid in Alzheimer's disease patients. Most studies reported positive cognitive outcomes, but Souvenaid showed a significant negative effect on ventricular volumes. No significant differences were found in ADCS-ADL, MMSE, ADAS-cog, adverse events, and ventricular volume.
Enteral long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and necrotizing enterocolitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 RCTs involving 3963 very preterm infants to assess the effect of DHA supplementation, with and without ARA, on necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). DHA alone increased NEC risk, while concurrent ARA supplementation reduced it. High-dose DHA to lactating mothers also increased NEC risk.
DHA, nutrient intake, and maternal characteristics as predictors of pregnancy outcomes in a randomised clinical trial of DHA supplementation.
Phase III RCT investigating the effect of DHA supplementation (1000 mg/day vs 200 mg/day) on pregnancy outcomes in 1100 participants. DHA supplementation lowered the risk of preterm birth and NICU admission, increased gestation and birth weight, but was associated with a higher risk of gestational diabetes.
Baseline Findings of PreventE4: A Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial Testing High Dose DHA in APOE4 Carriers before the Onset of Dementia.
PreventE4 is a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial testing high dose DHA supplementation in 365 cognitively unimpaired individuals with APOE4 allele and dementia risk factors. The study aims to assess DHA's effect on brain imaging biomarkers and cognitive function over 2 years.
DHA Supplementation During Pregnancy Enhances Maternal Vagally Mediated Cardiac Autonomic Control in Humans.
RCT examining the effects of DHA supplementation on maternal heart rate and heart rate variability in pregnant women. Women receiving 800 mg/d DHA had lower heart rate, lower sympathetic index, higher vagally mediated HRV indices, and greater HRV complexity compared to those receiving 200 mg/d.
Low linoleic acid foods with added DHA given to Malawian children with severe acute malnutrition improve cognition: a randomized, triple-blinded, controlled clinical trial.
A randomized, triple-blinded, controlled clinical trial in Malawian children with severe acute malnutrition tested RUTF with reduced linoleic acid and added DHA. The DHA-HO-RUTF group showed improved MDAT scores, indicating cognitive benefits 6 months post-therapy, compared to standard RUTF.
Maternal High-Dose DHA Supplementation and Neurodevelopment at 18-22 Months of Preterm Children.
RCT assessing the effect of maternal high-dose DHA supplementation on neurodevelopmental outcomes in breastfed, very preterm neonates. No overall improvement was found at 18 to 22 months' corrected age, but a potential benefit for language was observed in neonates born before 27 weeks' gestation.
Dietary omega-3 LCPUFA intake in the prevention of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the protective effect of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) on the progression of wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD). The analysis included 5 observational trials and found that high dietary intake of omega-3 LCPUFAs, particularly DHA and EPA, is associated with a lower risk of progression to advanced AMD.
Maternal FADS2 single nucleotide polymorphism modified the impact of prenatal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on child neurodevelopment at 5 years: Follow-up of a randomized clinical trial.
Post-hoc interaction analysis of the POSGRAD RCT assessing the impact of prenatal DHA supplementation on child neurodevelopment at 5 years. The study found that maternal FADS2 SNP rs174602 modified the effect of DHA, with higher cognitive scores observed in children of TT homozygotes in the intervention group.
The Influence of Prenatal DHA Supplementation on Individual Domains of Behavioral Functioning in School-Aged Children: Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial.
Multicenter, double-blind RCT of prenatal DHA supplementation in women with singleton pregnancies, assessing child behavior at age seven. The DHA group showed worse scores on various behavioral and executive function scales compared to placebo, suggesting no advantage and potential adverse effects on childhood behavior.
Impact of omega-3 fatty acid DHA and EPA supplementation in pregnant or breast-feeding women on cognitive performance of children: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 trials on DHA and EPA supplementation in pregnant or breastfeeding women and its impact on children's cognitive performance. No significant association was found between supplementation and cognitive outcomes or birth weight.
Effect of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on heart rate: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Meta-analysis of 51 RCTs with approximately 3000 participants examining the effect of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on heart rate. The analysis found that DHA supplementation significantly reduced heart rate, while EPA did not.
Effect of high-docosahexaenoic acid omega-3 supplementation in low-risk pregnant women on maternal and neonatal health outcomes in Southeast Brazil: a randomized clinical trial.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among low-risk pregnant women to evaluate the effects of high-DHA omega-3 supplementation on maternal and neonatal health outcomes. The study found no significant differences in maternal and neonatal health outcomes between the omega-3 and control groups.
Dolphin CONTINUE: a multi-center randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of a nutritional intervention on brain development and long-term outcome in infants born before 30 weeks of gestation.
This multi-center RCT assesses the effect of a nutritional intervention containing DHA, choline, and UMP on brain development and neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants born before 30 weeks of gestation. The primary outcome is white matter integrity at three months corrected age, with secondary outcomes including brain development metrics and developmental assessments at 12 and 24 months corrected age.
Pilot study on the effect of supplementation with long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on body composition in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: randomized clinical trial.
This randomized controlled trial studied the effect of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA and EPA) supplementation on body composition in 72 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The study found that DHA and EPA supplementation decreased lean body mass loss compared to placebo and increased DHA and EPA concentrations in erythrocytes.
Dietary linoleic acid lowering alone does not lower arachidonic acid or endocannabinoids among women with overweight and obesity: A randomized, controlled trial.
RCT examining the effects of dietary linoleic acid (LA) reduction, with and without omega-3 EPA and DHA, on plasma fatty acids and endocannabinoids in 62 pre-menopausal women with overweight and obesity. Lowering dietary LA did not result in expected changes in fatty acids associated with the LA-ARA inflammatory axis.
Impact of DHA from Algal Oil on the Breast Milk DHA Levels of Lactating Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial in China.
RCT in China with 137 lactating women comparing DHA supplementation from algal oil to placebo over 8 weeks. DHA concentrations in breast milk increased significantly in the supplement group compared to the control group. Dietary patterns influenced the intervention effect, with cereal and bean-based diets showing less improvement.
Effectiveness of Fish Oil-DHA Supplementation for Cognitive Function in Thai Children: A Randomized, Doubled-Blind, Two-Dose, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
RCT of 120 healthy Thai children aged 6-12 years comparing low dose (260 mg DHA) and high dose (520 mg DHA) fish oil supplementation to placebo over 12 weeks. No significant differences in cognitive test performance were observed, but ERP measurements showed increased amplitude, indicating improved attention and cognitive processing ability.
Infant Metabolome in Relation to Prenatal DHA Supplementation and Maternal Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism rs174602: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Mexico.
Secondary analysis of a double-blind RCT in Mexico investigating the effect of prenatal DHA supplementation on the infant metabolome at 3 months, considering maternal FADS SNP rs174602. No differences in metabolic features were found between DHA and placebo groups overall, but significant interactions were observed based on maternal SNP status, affecting amino acid, aminosugars, fatty acid, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and galactose metabolism pathways.
Time Course and Sex Effects of α-Linolenic Acid-Rich and DHA-Rich Supplements on Human Plasma Oxylipins: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Trial.
Randomized double-blind crossover trial comparing the effects of ALA-rich and DHA-rich supplements on plasma oxylipins in healthy adults. DHA supplementation tripled DHA and its oxylipins, with effects detected as early as day 1 and a plateau reached by days 5-7. ALA supplementation doubled ALA concentrations but had no effects on ALA oxylipins after 28 days. Sex differences were observed in the response to DHA supplementation.
Effects of coadministration of DHA and vitamin E on spermatogram, seminal oxidative stress, and sperm phospholipids in asthenozoospermic men: a randomized controlled trial.
RCT in asthenozoospermic men comparing DHA and vitamin E supplementation to placebo. The DE group showed increased sperm motility, count, and concentration compared to other groups, but no significant changes in sperm morphology and vitality.
The Kansas University DHA Outcomes Study (KUDOS) clinical trial: long-term behavioral follow-up of the effects of prenatal DHA supplementation.
This study is a long-term follow-up of a randomized double-blind clinical trial evaluating prenatal DHA supplementation. While prenatal DHA reduced early preterm birth and improved visual attention in infancy, few long-term cognitive and behavioral benefits were observed. Increases in maternal blood DHA were initially related to higher IQ scores, but these effects were confounded by socioeconomic status.
The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, EPA, and/or DHA on Male Infertility: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of DHA and EPA on sperm parameters in infertile men. Omega-3 treatments significantly increased sperm motility and seminal DHA concentration, but did not affect sperm concentration or sperm DHA.
How does high DHA fish oil affect health? A systematic review of evidence.
This systematic review examines the effects of high DHA fish oils on human health, focusing on heart and cardiovascular health, brain and visual function, inflammation, immune function, and growth/BMI. The review finds DHA to be beneficial for heart and brain function, with some evidence supporting its role in slowing cognitive decline. The effects on depression and other conditions are less clear, with some gender- and age-specific differences noted.
The effect of maternal DHA supplementation on body fat mass in children at 7 years: follow-up of the DOMInO randomized controlled trial.
Follow-up study of the DOMInO randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of maternal DHA supplementation on body fat mass in children at 7 years. No differences were found between the DHA and placebo groups in percentage body fat, BMI, or other growth measures.
Effects of DHA Supplementation on Hippocampal Volume and Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A 12-Month Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
RCT of 240 older adults with mild cognitive impairment comparing 12-month DHA supplementation (2g/day) to placebo. DHA group showed significant improvements in cognitive function and reduced hippocampal atrophy compared to placebo.
DHA supplementation and pregnancy outcomes.
This phase III, double-blind, randomized controlled trial tested 600 mg/d DHA supplementation in 350 pregnant women from <20 weeks of gestation to birth. DHA supplementation resulted in higher maternal and cord RBC-phospholipid-DHA, longer gestation duration, and greater birth weight, length, and head circumference compared to placebo. Fewer infants were born at <34 weeks of gestation, and shorter hospital stays for preterm infants were observed. No safety concerns were identified.
Lower n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid values in patients with phenylketonuria: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic review and meta-analysis assessing LCPUFA levels in PKU patients on low-protein diets. Found significantly lower levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA in PKU patients compared to controls. DHA supplementation significantly increased DHA levels in plasma lipids of PKU patients.
Impact of Maternal Fish Consumption on Serum Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Levels in Breastfed Infants: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Randomized Clinical Trial in Japan.
Cross-sectional study of 268 infants in Japan examining the impact of maternal fish consumption on serum DHA levels. Significant positive associations were found between maternal consumption of 'Blue-back fish' and 'White fish' and higher serum DHA levels in infants. Predominantly breastfed infants had higher serum DHA levels than those fed more cow's milk formula.
Effect of oral administration of docohexanoic acid on anemia and inflammation in hemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial.
RCT of 42 hemodialysis patients assessing the effect of DHA supplementation on anemia and inflammation. DHA significantly decreased EPO doses, erythropoiesis-resistance index, total homocysteine, and levels of miR-146a, enhancing anemia management and attenuating inflammation.
Effect of prenatal EPA and DHA on maternal and cord blood insulin sensitivity: a secondary analysis of the mothers, omega 3, and mental health study.
This study analyzed the effect of prenatal supplementation with EPA and DHA on insulin sensitivity markers in maternal and cord blood. The RCT involved 126 pregnant women receiving either EPA-rich, DHA-rich fish oil, or a soy oil placebo. Results showed no effect on plasma markers of insulin sensitivity, although maternal serum DHA fraction was associated with increased markers of insulin sensitivity.
EPA and DHA have divergent effects on serum triglycerides and lipogenesis, but similar effects on lipoprotein lipase activity: a randomized controlled trial.
RCT comparing the effects of EPA and DHA supplementation on serum triglycerides, lipogenesis, and lipoprotein lipase activity in 89 young, healthy normolipidemic men and women. DHA reduced blood triglycerides and increased LPL activity, while EPA increased the lipogenic index without changing triglyceride levels.
Compound-specific isotope analysis reveals no retroconversion of DHA to EPA but substantial conversion of EPA to DHA following supplementation: a randomized control trial.
RCT assessing n-3 PUFA metabolism following DHA or EPA supplementation in humans. DHA supplementation increased plasma EPA concentrations without retroconversion, while EPA supplementation increased plasma DHA concentrations, indicating conversion of EPA to DHA.
Intrauterine DHA exposure and child body composition at 5 y: exploratory analysis of a randomized controlled trial of prenatal DHA supplementation.
This study explored the associations between intrauterine DHA exposure and body composition at 5 years in children whose mothers participated in a randomized trial of prenatal DHA supplementation. Change in maternal DHA status during pregnancy was related to higher offspring fat-free mass at 5 years, although other indicators showed non-significant trends.
Fetal DHA inadequacy and the impact on child neurodevelopment: a follow-up of a randomised trial of maternal DHA supplementation in pregnancy.
Follow-up study of children aged 5-6 whose mothers received 400 mg/d DHA or placebo during pregnancy. No significant differences were found in high neurodevelopment test scores between groups, but maternal DHA status was positively related to child performance on some tests, including language and short-term memory. The study suggests a relationship between maternal and child DHA intake and status.
Assessment of DHA on reducing early preterm birth: the ADORE randomized controlled trial protocol.
This is a protocol for a Phase III randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of high dose DHA supplementation in reducing early preterm birth (ePTB) in pregnant women. The trial will recruit between 900 and 1200 pregnant women, randomly assigning them to receive either high dose DHA or a control. The study aims to determine if DHA can decrease the frequency of ePTB <34 weeks.
Randomized Controlled Trial of DHA Supplementation during Pregnancy: Child Adiposity Outcomes.
Long-term follow-up of a randomized trial assessing DHA supplementation at 800 mg/day during pregnancy in obese mothers. While no significant differences in offspring adiposity were noted at birth, two or four years, DHA levels at 36 weeks gestation were associated with body mass index z-score.
DHA Supplementation Alone or in Combination with Other Nutrients Does not Modulate Cerebral Hemodynamics or Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults.
RCT of 86 healthy older adults aged 50-70 years assessing the effects of DHA supplementation alone or in combination with other nutrients on cerebral hemodynamics and cognitive function. No significant effects were found on NIRS measures or cognitive performance tasks.
Prenatal DHA supplementation and infant attention.
RCT of prenatal DHA supplementation (600 mg/d) during the last two trimesters of pregnancy. Infants of supplemented mothers maintained high levels of sustained attention across the first year, while the placebo group showed a decline. The supplemented group also had reduced attrition on habituation tasks.
Efficacy of poly-unsaturated fatty acid therapy on patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
RCT of 78 patients with NASH comparing PUFA therapy to control. PUFA group showed significant reductions in liver enzymes, lipid profiles, inflammation markers, and histological improvements, suggesting PUFA as a potential approach for NASH prevention and reversal.
A new, microalgal DHA- and EPA-containing oil lowers triacylglycerols in adults with mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia.
In a double-blind, parallel trial, 93 adults with hypertriglyceridemia were randomized to receive either a microalgal oil containing DHA and EPA, fish oil, or a corn/soy oil control for 14 weeks. Both DHA-O and fish oil significantly lowered triacylglycerol levels compared to the control, with no significant difference between DHA-O and fish oil.
A randomized trial of DHA intake during infancy: school readiness and receptive vocabulary at 2-3.5 years of age.
RCT investigating the effects of different dietary concentrations of DHA in infant formula on language development and school readiness. No significant differences were found in school readiness or language development, with lower receptive vocabulary scores observed in some DHA groups at 2 years but not at 3.5 years.
DHA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation affects infants' cellular but not humoral immune response.
RCT of 60 pregnant women, with 30 receiving 400mg DHA/day from the 12th week of gestation until 4 months postpartum. Infants of mothers receiving DHA showed higher percentages of CD4 naive cells and decreased CD4 and CD8 IFN(γ) production, indicating an attenuation of a proinflammatory response. No differences in immunoglobulins and anti-HBs levels were observed.
A randomized controlled trial of early dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and mental development in term infants.
RCT evaluating the effects of dietary DHA and DHA+AA supplementation in infant formula on cognitive development in term infants. DHA+AA supplementation was associated with a mean increase of 7 points on the Mental Development Index, indicating a developmental advantage over the control group.
Combined choline and DHA supplementation: a randomized controlled trial.
RCT evaluating combined choline and DHA supplementation in 24 preterm infants. Choline supplementation increased plasma choline to near-fetal concentrations and improved DHA homeostasis. Combined treatment enhanced DHA-PC levels more than DHA alone.
Nutritional intervention and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with suspected cerebral palsy: the Dolphin infant double-blind randomized controlled trial.
This double-blind randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of DHA, choline, and UMP supplementation on neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants with suspected cerebral palsy. Forty infants were recruited, with 29 completing 1 to 2 years of supplementation. No statistically significant differences in neurodevelopmental outcomes were found between the treatment and comparison groups, though cognitive and language advantages were of clinically meaningful magnitude.
Acute ingestion of neuromuscular enhancement supplements do not improve power output, work capacity, and cognition.
RCT with 20 college-aged trained males assessing the acute ingestion of supplements containing DHA, uridine, and choline on anaerobic exercise performance and cognition. No significant differences were found between the supplement and placebo groups.
Effect of DHA supplementation in a very low-calorie ketogenic diet in the treatment of obesity: a randomized clinical trial.
A randomized clinical trial comparing a very low-calorie ketogenic diet supplemented with DHA to an isocaloric diet without DHA in obese patients. The study found that DHA supplementation significantly increased anti-inflammatory effects and improved cardiovascular risk factors, although there were no statistical differences in weight loss between the groups.
Effect of consuming novel foods consisting high oleic canola oil, barley β-glucan, and DHA on cardiovascular disease risk in humans: the CONFIDENCE (Canola Oil and Fibre with DHA Enhanced) study - protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
This randomized controlled trial protocol aims to evaluate the effects of consuming novel foods containing high oleic canola oil, DHA, and barley β-glucan on cardiovascular disease risk factors in people with metabolic syndrome. The study involves a single-blind crossover design with four treatment phases, assessing various cardiovascular and metabolic health markers.
A High Omega-3 Fatty Acid Multinutrient Supplement Benefits Cognition and Mobility in Older Women: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study.
RCT assessing the effects of a multinutrient supplement containing DHA, EPA, Ginkgo biloba, phosphatidylserine, vitamin E, folic acid, and vitamin B12 on cognition and mobility in postmenopausal women. Significant improvements were observed in cognitive tests and habitual walking speed, with higher blood DHA levels in the supplement group.
Phospholipids from herring roe improve plasma lipids and glucose tolerance in healthy, young adults.
Pilot study of 21 young adults taking MOPL30, a herring roe phospholipid product, for 14 days. Results showed decreased fasting plasma triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acids, increased HDL-cholesterol, and improved glucose tolerance during oral glucose tolerance testing.
Diet supplementation with DHA-enriched food in football players during training season enhances the mitochondrial antioxidant capabilities in blood mononuclear cells.
RCT of 15 male football players ingesting DHA-enriched beverage or placebo for 8 weeks. DHA supplementation increased antioxidant capabilities, reduced mitochondrial ROS production, and decreased oxidative damage markers during football training and after acute exercise.
Anti-stress effects of DHA.
Two double-blind studies investigated the effects of DHA intake on stress-related measures in students. In study 1, DHA intake prevented an increase in hostility during exam stress, while the control group showed a significant increase. In study 2, DHA intake significantly decreased norepinephrine levels under continuous exam stress, with no change in cortisol levels.
Effect of DHA supplementation on DHA status and sperm motility in asthenozoospermic males.
RCT examining the effects of DHA supplementation on DHA levels and sperm motility in asthenozoospermic men. DHA supplementation increased serum and possibly seminal plasma phospholipid DHA levels but did not affect sperm motility or DHA incorporation into sperm phospholipid.
Intestinal absorption of DHA microcapsules with different formulations based on ex vivo rat intestine and in vitro dialysis models.
The study evaluated the intestinal absorption of DHA microcapsules with different formulations using an ex vivo rat intestine model and in vitro dialysis models. It found that DHA microcapsules with algal oil as the DHA source exhibited a higher absorption ratio of free fatty acids compared to those from tuna oil.
Exploring in vitro release and digestion of commercial DHA microcapsules from algae oil and tuna oil with whey protein and casein as wall materials.
In vitro study evaluating the release and digestion of DHA microcapsules from algae oil and tuna oil with whey protein and casein as wall materials. The study found differences in release and digestion behaviors between the two sources, with A-DHA showing better stability and digestibility compared to T-DHA.
Effects of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma amino acids and indices of protein metabolism in infants: results from a randomized clinical trial.
A double-blind, randomized clinical trial investigated the effects of dietary LCPUFA supplementation in infant formula on plasma amino acid concentrations and protein metabolism in term infants. The study found no adverse effects on plasma amino acid concentrations and protein metabolism indicators, although interactions with some amino acids were observed.
Omega-3 fatty acids and cognitive function
Narrative review on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in preventing cognitive decline and dementia. Meta-analyses and RCTs suggest DHA supplementation benefits cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment but not Alzheimer's disease. In cognitively healthy individuals with CAD, EPA and DHA slowed cognitive aging. Results vary based on dose, trial duration, and individual characteristics.
Lipid Profiling following Intake of the Omega 3 Fatty Acid DHA Identifies the Peroxidized Metabolites F4-Neuroprostanes as the Best Predictors of Atherosclerosis Prevention
The study investigated the impact of DHA supplementation on lipid mediator profiles and its contribution to atherosclerosis prevention in atherosclerosis-prone mice. DHA supplementation led to a dose-dependent reduction in atherosclerosis, triglyceridemia, and cholesterolemia, with F4-neuroprostanes identified as key predictors of atherosclerosis prevention.