Research
CDP-Choline
64 peer-reviewed studies curated from PubMed and Semantic Scholar.
Studies
Sorted by quality and recency
Citicoline for the Management of Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury in the Acute Phase: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 clinical studies with 2771 patients evaluating citicoline for traumatic brain injury (TBI) management. Citicoline was associated with a significantly higher rate of independence in TBI patients, though no significant effects on mortality were found.
Citicoline and Memory Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.
RCT of 100 healthy older adults with age-associated memory impairment comparing 500 mg/day citicoline to placebo for 12 weeks. Citicoline supplementation significantly improved episodic memory and composite memory scores compared to placebo.
The acute dose and baseline amplitude-dependent effects of CDP-choline on deviance detection (MMN) in chronic schizophrenia: A pilot study.
Pilot RCT assessing the acute effects of CDP-Choline on mismatch negativity (MMN) in individuals with chronic schizophrenia. CDP-Choline's effects varied with dosage and baseline amplitude, enhancing MMNs in low baseline amplitude patients and suppressing MMNs in high baseline amplitude patients.
Efficacy of citicoline as an acute stroke treatment.
Meta-analysis of four randomized US clinical trials on citicoline for acute stroke treatment. Citicoline treatment within 24 hours of moderate to severe stroke is safe and may increase the probability of complete recovery at 3 months.
Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP-choline) for cognitive and behavioural disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly.
Meta-analysis of 14 studies assessing the efficacy of CDP-choline in treating cognitive, emotional, and behavioural deficits in elderly patients with chronic cerebral disorders. Evidence suggests CDP-choline has a positive effect on memory and behaviour, though results are limited by study duration.
Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP choline) for cognitive and behavioural disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly.
Meta-analysis assessing the efficacy of CDP-choline in treating cognitive, emotional, and behavioural deficits in elderly patients with chronic cerebral disorders. The analysis found significant beneficial effects on memory function and behaviour, though no significant effect on attention. CDP-choline is well tolerated.
Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP choline) for cognitive and behavioural disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly.
Systematic review assessing the efficacy of CDP-choline in treating cognitive, emotional, and behavioural deficits in older people with chronic cerebral disorders. The review found modest, statistically significant benefits on memory and behaviour, with stronger evidence for improvement in global clinical impression. CDP-choline is well tolerated.
An α7 nAChR approach for the baseline-dependent modulation of deviance detection in schizophrenia: A pilot study assessing the combined effect of CDP-choline and galantamine.
Pilot RCT assessing the acute effect of CDP-choline and galantamine on speech mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenia patients. The combination treatment significantly increased MMN amplitudes in individuals with low baseline auditory deviance detection, particularly those with higher symptom scores.
Citicoline Treatment in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized, Single-Blind TMS Study
Randomized, single-blind study evaluating citicoline (Rischiaril® Forte) in acute ischemic stroke patients. The study found significant improvement in short-interval intracortical inhibition (SAI) in the treatment group, suggesting citicoline may restore intracortical excitability measures.
Effects of cytidine-5'-diphosphate choline on gray matter volumes in methamphetamine-dependent patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated the effects of CDP-choline on gray matter volumes in methamphetamine-dependent patients. CDP-choline treatment significantly reduced craving for methamphetamine and increased gray matter volumes in specific brain regions compared to placebo.
CDP-choline and galantamine, a personalized α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor targeted treatment for the modulation of speech MMN indexed deviance detection in healthy volunteers: a pilot study.
Pilot RCT in 33 healthy humans assessing the effects of CDP-choline (500 mg) combined with galantamine (16 mg) on speech-elicited MMN amplitude and latency measures. The treatment increased MMN generation in individuals with low baseline MMN amplitude, implicating α7 nAChRs in enhancing speech deviance detection.
Citicoline (CDP-choline) add-on therapy to risperidone for treatment of negative symptoms in patients with stable schizophrenia: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluating citicoline add-on therapy to risperidone in patients with stable schizophrenia. Citicoline group showed significantly greater improvement in negative symptoms and total PANSS scores compared to placebo.
Assessing the acute effects of CDP-choline on sensory gating in schizophrenia: A pilot study.
This pilot study analyzed the effects of citicoline (CDP-choline) on sensory gating in schizophrenia patients using a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind design. While overall analysis did not show treatment effects, CDP-choline improved sensory gating in the deficient schizophrenia subgroup at a 500 mg dose.
Effect of oral CDP-choline on visual function in young amblyopic patients.
Open label parallel group study comparing patching plus oral CDP-choline with patching alone in 61 children with amblyopia. CDP-choline combined with patching contributed to more stable visual acuity effects than patching alone, as measured by Snellen's E charts.
Chronic citicoline increases phosphodiesters in the brains of healthy older subjects: an in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.
This study investigated the effects of oral citicoline on phosphatidylcholine synthesis in the brains of older subjects using phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A 6-week treatment with citicoline resulted in a significant increase in brain phosphodiesters, suggesting stimulated phospholipid synthesis and turnover. The findings support the potential use of citicoline in reversing age-related brain changes.
A randomized efficacy trial of citicoline in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
A 33-center, randomized, double-blind trial in 394 patients with acute ischemic stroke compared placebo with 500 mg citicoline daily for 6 weeks. The study found citicoline to be safe but ineffective overall in improving outcomes. However, post hoc analyses suggested potential benefits in a subgroup with moderate to severe strokes.
A randomized dose-response trial of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke patients. Citicoline Stroke Study Group.
Randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial of citicoline in 259 acute ischemic stroke patients across 21 US centers. Citicoline treatment started within 24 hours of stroke onset and continued for 6 weeks showed significant improvements in functional outcome, neurologic evaluation, and cognitive function. The 500 mg dose appeared optimal, with no serious adverse events reported.
Effects of CDP-choline on the recovery of patients with head injury.
A single blind randomized study in 216 patients with severe or moderate head injury compared conventional treatment to treatment with CDP-choline. CDP-choline improved the global outcome, with trends towards greater improvement in motor, cognitive, and psychic alterations, and a shorter hospital stay for severe head injury patients.
[CDP-choline improves the postoperative rehabilitation of patients with cerebral risk].
Multicenter open randomized study comparing 210 patients receiving pre and post-operative parenteral CDP-choline to 204 controls. CDP-choline did not enhance anesthetic recovery quality or delay but increased the percentage of subjects with improved cognitive and self-control test scores post-operatively.
Treatment of acute cerebral infarction with a choline precursor in a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study.
A multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study of CDP-choline in patients with acute cerebral infarction. The CDP-choline group showed significant improvements in level of consciousness compared to placebo, and the treatment was safe.
[Use of procholinergics in the prevention of postoperative delirium in hip fracture surgery in the elderly. A randomized controlled trial].
RCT studying the use of citicoline in preventing delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. The study found no statistically significant difference in the incidence of delirium between the citicoline and placebo groups.
OX26-cojugated gangliosilated liposomes to improve the post-ischemic therapeutic effect of CDP-choline
The study investigates a liposome nanomedicine containing CDP-choline, GM1, and OX26 to improve post-ischemic therapeutic effects in brain ischemic stroke. The CDP-choline/OX26Lip formulation showed higher survival rates and decreased peroxidation rates in post-ischemic rats compared to CDP-choline/Lip.
Liposomal Encapsulation of Citicoline for Ocular Drug Delivery
The study investigates the use of liposomal encapsulation to enhance the delivery and therapeutic effect of citicoline for ocular drug delivery in glaucoma treatment. The research focuses on improving ocular barrier penetration, bioavailability, and sustained release of citicoline using liposomal carriers.
Combining CDP-choline and galantamine: Effects of a selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist strategy on P50 sensory gating of speech sounds in healthy volunteers.
Pilot RCT in 30 healthy participants assessing the effects of CDP-choline combined with galantamine on P50 sensory gating indices. In low baseline P50 suppressors, the combination improved rP50 and dP50 gating and reduced SP50 amplitudes, while in high suppressors, it increased SP50 amplitudes.
Combining CDP-choline and galantamine, an optimized α7 nicotinic strategy, to ameliorate sensory gating to speech stimuli in schizophrenia.
This pilot study examined the combined effect of CDP-choline and galantamine on sensory gating to speech stimuli in 24 schizophrenia patients. The combination improved P50 event-related potentials, suggesting enhanced inhibitory mechanisms and a potential treatment for sensory gating dysfunction in schizophrenia.
An acute dose, randomized trial of the effects of CDP-Choline on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) in healthy volunteers stratified by deviance detection level
This randomized trial assessed the effects of acute doses of CDP-choline on mismatch negativity (MMN) in 24 healthy volunteers stratified by auditory sensory discrimination levels. CDP-choline showed no significant effects on the whole group, but subgroup analysis revealed enhanced MMN amplitudes in individuals with low MMNs and reduced amplitudes in those with high MMNs.
Neurocognitive effects of acute choline supplementation in low, medium and high performer healthy volunteers.
RCT assessing the cognitive effects of CDP-choline in 24 male participants using the CogState test battery. CDP-choline improved processing speed, working memory, verbal learning, verbal memory, and executive function in low baseline performers, had no effects in medium performers, and diminished cognition in high performers.
Effects of acute CDP-choline treatment on resting state brain oscillations in healthy volunteers.
RCT using EEG recordings in 24 male volunteers to evaluate CDP-choline's effects on brain oscillations. CDP-choline administration resulted in dose-dependent reductions in delta and increases in alpha oscillations, suggesting cognitive enhancement through facilitated nicotinic cholinergic action.
Neurochemical alterations in methamphetamine-dependent patients treated with cytidine-5'-diphosphate choline: a longitudinal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.
This longitudinal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study examined the effects of a 4-week CDP-choline treatment on neurometabolite levels in methamphetamine-dependent patients. CDP-choline treatment increased prefrontal NAA and Cho levels more than placebo, with changes in NAA levels positively associated with negative urine results, suggesting potential neuroprotective effects.
First administration of cytidine diphosphocholine and galantamine in schizophrenia: a sustained alpha7 nicotinic agonist strategy.
Pilot study testing the tolerability, safety, and preliminary efficacy of CDP-choline and galantamine combination in 6 schizophrenic patients over 12 weeks. The combination was well-tolerated, with 5 patients showing reduction in severity scores, suggesting potential for further investigation.
Effect of oral CDP-choline on plasma choline and uridine levels in humans.
Twelve mildly hypertensive subjects received CDP-choline (citicoline) at doses of 500, 2000, and 4000 mg or placebo. Plasma choline and uridine levels showed dose-related increases, with significant elevations in choline for up to 10 hours and uridine for 5-6 hours. No further increase in uridine was observed when the dose was increased from 2000 to 4000 mg.
CDP-choline in the treatment of chronic cerebrovasculopathies.
Double-blind RCT with 92 patients with chronic cerebrovasculopathy treated with CDP-choline or placebo. CDP-choline group showed significant improvements in attention, memory, and behavioral capabilities compared to placebo, with no side-effects detected.
Efficacy of CDP-choline in the treatment of senile alterations in memory.
The paper discusses the administration of CDP-choline and its potential to increase phosphatidylcholine and related phospholipids in the brain, which may enhance neurotransmission. Clinical assessments suggest CDP-choline may improve memory deficits associated with aging in patients with cerebral insufficiency, chronic cerebrovascular disease, and dementia.
[A precursor of phospholipids in the treatment of severe traumatic comas].
RCT of CDP Choline versus placebo in 60 severe head injury cases. The treated group showed a shortening of the comatose period and accelerated recovery of neurological deficits, potentially due to effects against brain edema.
Evaluation of the effect of CDP-choline on poststroke hemiplegia employing a double-blind controlled trial. Assessed by a new rating scale for recovery in hemiplegia.
A double-blind RCT evaluated the effect of CDP-choline on functional recovery of hemiplegia using a 12-grade scale. CDP-choline doses of 1,000 and 250 mg were superior to placebo for upper limb recovery at 8 weeks, with the higher dose showing earlier effects. Lower limb recovery was not statistically significant.
Cytidin-5'-diphosphocholine enhances the effect of part-time occlusion in amblyopia.
RCT on 45 amblyopic patients aged 5-9 years, comparing CDP-choline treatment, CDP-choline plus occlusion, and occlusion alone. CDP-choline enhanced visual acuity improvements, especially when combined with occlusion. Improvements were sustained over a year, suggesting CDP-choline's potential in amblyopia treatment.
Citicoline Triggers Proteome Remodeling and Proteostatic Adaptation: Evidence from Shotgun Proteomics
The study investigates the effect of citicoline on the global proteome of neuroblastoma cells using a shotgun proteomics approach. Citicoline induced significant proteome remodeling, affecting pathways related to mRNA splicing, protein translation, and mitochondrial metabolism, suggesting potential cytoprotective mechanisms.
CDP-choline modulates cholinergic signaling and gut microbiota to alleviate DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease.
This study investigated the efficacy of CDP-choline (citicoline) in a mouse model of IBD induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS). CDP-choline alleviated colonic inflammation and deficiencies in choline, ACh, and PC, activated the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, and regulated the intestinal microbiome and SCFAs content, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for IBD.
Choline and citicoline ameliorate oxidative stress in acute kidney injury in rats.
Animal study investigating the effects of choline and citicoline on LPS-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Choline and CDP-choline administration decreased ROS levels and reduced expressions of inflammatory markers, suggesting potential therapeutic effects in endotoxemia-associated AKI.
Cardioprotective effect of citicoline against arsenic trioxide-induced injury in H9C2 cell line
In vitro study investigating the effect of citicoline on arsenic trioxide-induced cardiotoxicity in H9C2 cells. Citicoline enhanced cell viability, reduced lipid peroxidation, and increased total thiol contents and total antioxidant power, suggesting protective effects against oxidative stress.
Regenerative Effects of CDP-Choline: A Dose-Dependent Study in the Toxic Cuprizone Model of De- and Remyelination
The study investigated the effects of lower doses of CDP-choline on remyelination in a toxic cuprizone-induced mouse model of de- and remyelination. It found that even low doses of CDP-choline effectively enhanced early remyelination and increased the number of oligodendrocytes, suggesting potential regenerative benefits for multiple sclerosis.
Effects of CDP-choline Administration on Learning and Memory in REM Sleep-Deprived Rats.
The study investigated the effects of CDP-choline on learning and memory in REM sleep-deprived rats. CDP-choline administration improved memory function impaired by sleep deprivation, increased pCaMKII levels, and enhanced total antioxidant capacity in the hippocampus.
The choline pathway as a strategy to promote central nervous system (CNS) remyelination
The paper investigates the effects of citicoline (CDP-choline) on remyelination in animal models of multiple sclerosis. CDP-choline showed beneficial effects on remyelination and motor coordination in the cuprizone model, suggesting its potential as a neuroprotective and regenerative agent.
Retrospective and observational study to assess the efficacy of citicoline in elderly patients suffering from stupor related to complex geriatric syndrome
Retrospective and observational study assessing the efficacy of citicoline in elderly patients with stupor related to complex geriatric syndrome. Citicoline administration is evaluated for its neuroprotective function and improvement in cognitive and mental performance in conditions like Alzheimer's and vascular dementia.
Double-blind placebo-controlled study with citicoline in APOE genotyped Alzheimer's disease patients. Effects on cognitive performance, brain bioelectrical activity and cerebral perfusion.
Double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT with 30 Alzheimer's disease patients assessing citicoline's effects on cognitive performance, brain bioelectrical activity, and cerebral perfusion. Citicoline improved cognitive performance, increased cerebral blood flow velocities, and altered brain bioelectrical activity patterns positively compared to placebo. It was well tolerated with no adverse side effects.
Brain mapping activity and mental performance after chronic treatment with CDP-choline in Alzheimer's disease.
The study investigated the effects of CDP-choline (1000 mg/day for 30 days) on brain electrical activity and mental performance in 19 Alzheimer's disease patients. CDP-choline significantly decreased spectral amplitude in the theta band and improved mental performance in early-onset AD patients, suggesting potential neurotrophic effects.
[Effects of CDP-choline on dynamic changes in LCBF and cognitive function in demented subjects--an H2 15O-PET study].
RCT studying the effects of CDP-choline on local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and cognitive function in 10 demented subjects. CDP-choline increased LCBF and improved cognitive function in patients with vascular dementia, but not in those with non-vascular dementia.
[Brain protection in heart surgery].
RCT investigating the effect of CDP-choline on brain protection during extra-corporeal circulation in open-heart surgery patients. Group A received higher doses of CDP-choline and showed reduced neuropsychological deficits over time compared to Group B. CBF data indicated fewer hypoperfusion areas in Group A.
Treatment of postconcussional symptoms with CDP-choline.
Preliminary double-blind placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of CDP-choline in treating postconcussional symptoms in 14 young men with mild to moderate closed head injury. CDP-choline produced a greater reduction of postconcussional symptoms and improved recognition memory for designs compared to placebo.
CDP-choline for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a small negative series.
Double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of CDP-Choline in 5 patients with tardive dyskinesia. No evidence of efficacy, adverse effects, or changes in psychopathology were observed.
[Controlled study of the administration of CDP-choline to preterm newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome].
A randomized prospective double-blind trial of CDP-Choline administration in 24 preterm newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome. CDP-choline was given intravenously for seven days. By the fifth day, those receiving CDP-choline required oxygen longer and had lower lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios and palmitic acid percentages than controls, suggesting it may decrease lecithin synthesis.
CDP-choline: repeated oral dose tolerance studies in adult healthy volunteers.
CDP-choline was administered to 12 healthy adult volunteers in two oral dose regimens (600 mg/day and 1g/day) over 5 consecutive days, compared with placebo. Transient headaches were the only adverse events, occurring in 4 and 5 subjects on the lower and higher dose regimens, respectively, but in only one subject during placebo administration.
CDP-choline to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis: the need for a clinical trial
This narrative review discusses the potential of CDP-choline to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis. It highlights the regenerative properties of CDP-choline observed in animal models and suggests a possible therapeutic link to its use in humans for myelin repair.
Effects of citicoline administration on synaptic proteins in rapid eye movement sleep-deprived rats
Animal study exploring the effects of Citicoline on synaptic proteins in REM sleep-deprived rats. Citicoline treatment ameliorated the reduction in hippocampal PSD-95 levels caused by REM sleep deprivation, suggesting potential benefits for hippocampal synaptic functioning.
Citicoline for Supporting Memory in Aging Humans
Narrative review discussing the effects of citicoline on memory function in aging humans. Citicoline intake improves brain uptake of choline and has shown positive effects on memory efficacy in randomized, placebo-controlled trials of cognitively normal middle-aged and elderly persons, as well as in patients with mild cognitive impairment.
Cytidine-5-diphosphocholine reduces microvascular permeability during experimental endotoxemia
The study evaluated the effect of CDP-choline on microvascular permeability and leukocyte adhesion during endotoxemia in rats. CDP-choline significantly reduced microvascular permeability in animals treated with LPS, suggesting a protective effect on microvascular barrier function during endotoxemia.
Pre-Conditioning with CDP-Choline Attenuates Oxidative Stress-Induced Cardiac Myocyte Death in a Hypoxia/Reperfusion Model
In vitro study evaluating CDP-choline as a cardioprotector in an ischaemia/reperfusion injury model using neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. CDP-choline pre- and postconditioning significantly reduced apoptosis and cell death induced by oxidative stress.
CDP-choline significantly restores phosphatidylcholine levels by differentially affecting phospholipase A2 and CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase after stroke.
The study investigates the effects of CDP-choline on phosphatidylcholine levels after stroke. CDP-choline treatment significantly restored phosphatidylcholine levels by affecting phospholipase A2, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C, and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activities, and reduced infarction volume by 55% after transient focal cerebral ischemia.
CDP-choline (citicoline) attenuates brain damage in a rat model of birth asphyxia.
Animal study evaluating the protective potential of citicoline in a rat model of birth asphyxia. Citicoline was administered to 7-day old rats after ischemic-hypoxic insult, reducing caspase-3 activation and Hsp70 expression, and dose-dependently attenuating brain damage.
Dietary CDP-choline supplementation prevents memory impairment caused by impoverished environmental conditions in rats.
The study investigated the effects of dietary CDP-choline supplementation on memory impairment in rats exposed to impoverished environmental conditions. CDP-choline ameliorated hippocampal-dependent spatial memory deficits in these rats, suggesting its potential role in enhancing membrane phosphatide synthesis.
Unexpected Effects of Acetylcholine Precursors on Pilocarpine Seizure-Induced Neuronal Death
The paper reviews the effects of acetylcholine precursors, specifically choline alfoscerate (α-GPC) and CDP-Choline, on neuronal death and cognitive function in seizure-experienced animals. Early administration of CDP-choline increased neuronal death and BBB disruption, while late administration of α-GPC improved cognitive function and reduced neuronal death.
Neuroprotective Properties of Citicoline: Facts, Doubts and Unresolved Issues
The paper reviews the neuroprotective properties of citicoline, discussing its pharmacokinetics, biotransformation, and pharmacodynamics. While preclinical models show neuroprotective activity, recent clinical trials found no benefits in ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury, though potential benefits in neurodegenerative disorders like glaucoma and mild vascular cognitive impairment are noted.
Effects of CDP-choline on striatal dopamine level and behavior in rats.
The study assessed the effects of CDP-choline on striatal dopamine levels and behavior in rats. CDP-choline increased dopamine content in the striatum and influenced behavior in rats with degenerated nigro-striatal dopamine neurons. CDP-choline alone did not produce behavioral changes, but pretreatment suppressed apomorphine and d-amphetamine-induced circling. A 7-day treatment enhanced apomorphine-induced circling and increased striatal dopamine content on the intact side.
Intestinal absorption of cytidine diphosphate choline and its changes in the digestive tract.
The study investigates the intestinal absorption and structural changes of CDP-choline in the digestive tract of rats using labeled compounds. CDP-choline is stable in the stomach but degrades into cytidine and choline in the intestine. Hepatic uptake peaks two to three hours after oral administration, with extrahepatic uptake being minimal.